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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary - Cyran
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. |
| Enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. |
| Enzyme-mediated | A type of reaction where an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. The region of the enzyme to which the substrate binds is called the active site. |
| Substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
| Activation Energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. |
| Catalysis | Process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process. |
| Catalysts | Chemical agents that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| Competitive Inhibition | When substances that reduce the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics. |
| Denaturation | In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | The process where a substance reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to a product. |
| pH | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. |
| Cyanobacteria | A phylum of prokaryotes consisting of both free-living photosynthetic bacteria and the endosymbiotic plastids that are present in the Archaeplastida, the autotrophic eukaryotes that include the red and green algae and land plants. |
| NADPH/NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as _______, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | An organic compound that is composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups. With the addition of another phosphate group, it is converted to ATP for the storage of energy during cell metabolism. |
| Aerobic | Occurring in the presence of oxygen or requiring oxygen to live. |
| Anaerobic | Ocurring without the presence of oxygen or not requiring oxygen to live. |
| Cellular Respiration | The catabolic pathways aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP. |
| Coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions. |
| Cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
| Electrochemical Gradient | The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force). |
| Electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. |
| Electron Acceptor | A chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. |
| Electron Carrier | Any of various molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport. Their energy level decreases, and energy is released from moving along ______ _______. |
| Endothermic | Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment. |
| Fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
| Glycolysis | A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. It occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | The study of inorganic compounds and how they are typically chemical compounds that lack carbon–hydrogen bonds, that is, a compound that is not an organic compound. |
| Lactic Acid | A waste product of anaerobic respiration. ______, or lactate, is a chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration — the process by which cells produce energy without oxygen around. Bacteria produce it in yogurt and our guts. |
| NADH/NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized and reduced states, thus acting as an electron carrier. |
| Organic Chemistry | The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds) |
| Oxidation | The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration. |
| Photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 10^-24 g, found in the nulceus of an atom. |
| Pyruvate | An important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of _______. |
| Stimuli | In feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response. |
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