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ENT
UWORLD Round 2 2021 Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most common cause of Epistaxis? | Irritation of highly vascularized mucosa at the anterior nasal septum |
| Where is the Kiesselbach plexus located? | Anterior nasal septum |
| What important anatomical feature is found in the anterior nasal septum? | Kiesselbach plexus |
| What arteries anastomose and compose the Kiesselbach plexus? | 1. Anterior Ethmoidal artery 2. Sphenopalatine artery 3. Superior labial artery |
| Which limb of the Ethmoidal artery is part of the Kiesselbach plexus? | Anterior ethmoidal artery |
| Which area of the nose would cause heavy epistaxis to cease or stop in a patient? | Anterior nasal septum |
| Why does compressing the anterior nasal septum, often helps to stop or reduce the hemorrhage in the nose? | It contains the Kiesselbach plexus |
| Which part of the Laryngeal nerve courses in proximity to the Inferior Thyroid artery? | Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve |
| In Thyroidectomy due to Thyroid cancer, damage to what nerve may cause hoarseness of the voice? | Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve |
| What is the clinical consequence of accidentally damaging the Recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid removal surgery? | Hoarseness of the voice |
| What needs to be damaged in order to produce hoarseness of voice as the Recurrent Laryngeal nerve is damaged? | Vocal cord paralysis |
| How would vocal cord paralysis be clinically presented? | Hoarseness of the voice |
| What causes hearing loss upon prolonged exposure to loud noises? | Damage to the Stereociliated Hair cells of the Organ of Corti |
| Loud noises cause bone or air conduction hearing loss? | Both |
| What hearing loss type is caused Acoustic Neuroma? | High-frequency sensorineural hearing loss |
| What type of sound is usually detected by the distal cochlea? | Low-frequency sound |
| What is the result of defects in the middle ear ossicles? | Hearing loss that generally affects air condition across all frequencies |
| What can cause unilateral conductive hearing loss? | Rupture of the Tympanic membrane |
| What are cholesteatomas? | Collections of Squamous cell debris that from a mass behind the tympanic membrane ("pearly" mass) |
| What is a possible mass complication of surgery to the middle ear? | Cholesteatoma |
| How do Cholesteatomas cause hearing loss? | Due to erosion of the Auditory ossicles |
| What nerve mediates the Cough reflex? | Internal Laryngeal nerve |
| What reflex is mediated by the Internal Laryngeal nerve? | Cough reflex |
| Which anatomical reference or location is often associated with foreign bodies lodging and causing an impaired cough reflex? | Piriform recess |
| A foreign body lodged in the Piriform recess very likely will cause: | Damage to the Internal Laryngeal nerve, presenting with an impaired cough reflex |
| Failure of fusion between the Maxillary prominence and the intermaxillary segment. Dx? | Cleft lip |
| Which structure fail to fuse in Cleft lip? | Maxillary prominence and intermaxillary segment |
| Which gestation weeks are most common to produce a cleft lip or palate ? | 5th and 6th of embryonic development |
| What gives rise to Cleft palate? | Failure of Palatine shelves to fuse with one another or with the primal palate |
| Common non lactose-fermenter, oxidase (+), motile, gram negative rod | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| What is the most common cause of Malignant Otitis Externa (MOE)? | Pseudomonas aeringonsa infection |
| What population is at highest risk for MOE due to P. aeruginosa infection? | Elderly and diabetic patients |
| How is MOE commonly presented? | Exquisite ear pain, drainage, and granulation tissue often seen within the ear canal |
| What nerve is known to provide cutaneous sensation to the posterior External Auditory canal? | Vagus nerve |
| What subdivision of the trigeminal nerve provides cutaneous sensation to the External Auditory canal , except for the posterior section? | CN V3 (Auriculotemporal nerve) |
| What is the Auriculotemporal nerve? | Branch of the CN V3, that provides sensation to the External Auditory canal except for the posterior section |
| Which condition may affect the cutaneous sensation of the External Auditory canal by affecting the nerves involved? | Otitis Externa |
| Which nerves may be affected in Otitis Externa? | Vagus nerve and Auriculotemporal branch of CNV3 |
| What are some key clues indicating possible Head & Neck Squamous cell carcinoma? | Cervical adenopathy and a base of the tongue mass, especially with a Hx of tobacco smoking |
| What is a MAJOR risk factor for development of HNSCC? | Tobacco smoking |
| What are the classic histological findings of HNSCC? | Intercellular bridges and Keratin pearls |
| What malignancies are known to arise from the mucosa of the Upper Aerodigestive tract? | Head and Neck Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Why is smoking a major cause or risk factor of HNSCC? | Tobacco contains mutagens that cause multiple somatic mutations leading to HNSCC |
| What is connected by the Eustachian tube? | Middle of the ear to the Nasopharynx |
| What structure connects the Middle ear with the Nasopharynx? | Eustachian tube |
| What is a common complication of malignancy in the Nasopharynx? | As the cancer grows it may block the Eustachian tube, leading to Middle Ear effusion |
| What is the first lymph node to which HNSCC would spread first to? | Anterior cervical lymph nodes |
| What are common symptoms seen in Allergic rhinitis? | Nasal congestion, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and conjunctivitis |
| What causes the symptoms of Allergic rhinitis? | IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction |
| What are some causes or causative-factors leading to Allergic rhinitis? | Seasonal, geographic, animal, and indoor vs outdoor activities |
Created by:
rakomi
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