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Unit 4
AP Biology Unit 4 Vocabulary - Castillo
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Target Cell | Cells use chemical signals to communicate over short and long distances. The cell receiving the signal is referred to as the target cell. |
| Ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. |
| Phosphorylation | A biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound |
| Receptor Protein | Receptor proteins are proteins embedded in the cell membrane and are meant to recognize and bind to specific substances |
| Secondary Messenger | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein. |
| Signal Amplification | The amplification of signals defined as an increase in intensity of a signal through networks of intracellular reactions. The use of specific detection methodologies to directly increase the signal in proportion to the amount of target in the reaction. |
| Signal Transduction | The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response. |
| Response | In cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell. |
| Feedback | A response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. In essence, it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction |
| Negative Feedback | A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis , whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. |
| Positive Feedback | A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change. |
| Asexual Reproduction | The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding,division of a single cell,or division of the entire organism into 2 or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent |
| Cell Cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. The eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of interphase and M phase. |
| Interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle |
| Mitosis | Process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages:prophase,prometaphase,metaphase,anaphase,and telophase. Mitosis converses chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei |
| Cancer | An abnormal growth of ells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and in, some cases, to metastasize (spread). |
| Cyclin | A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle. |
Created by:
victoria.castillo
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