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AP Biology Unit 4

TermDefinition
target cell cell that accepts hormone because it has the receptor for it
ligand a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, causing a response
phosphorylation activation through transfer of phosphate group from ATP/GTP and turning in to ADP/GDP
receptor protein part of signal pathway that accepts the ligand and begins the transduction by activating other molecules
secondary messenger small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules or ions; parts of signal pathway after first messenger up until cellular response
signal amplification amount of activated products increasing with each step in the cascade, making the transduction more efficient
signal transduction changing the initial message into one that can be understood in the cell to elicit a response, occurs in a cascade most of the time
response end of signaling pathway; any imaginable cellular activity in response to the ligand received
feedback response of receiver to a signal sent from somewhere else
negative feedback response dampens the stimulus to return system back to its set point
positive feedback response amplifies stimulus so the system moves further away from its set point until it stops
asexual reproduction sexual reproduction with one parent; budding or binary fission
cell cycle the life of a cell from the time it is first forme during division of parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells
interphase cell is preparing for division G1: growth S: DNA replication G2: cytoplasmic contents replicated
mitosis cell nucleus division prophase: sister chromatids appear, nuclear envelope disappears, miotic spindle begins to form prometaphase: chromosomes become more condensed, appearance of kinetochores, microtubules of spindle begin to attach to kinetochores
cancer uncontrolled cell growth in the body
cyclin protein that cyclically fluctuates in concentration in the cell
mitosis 2 metaphase: metaphase plate forms, kinetochores are attached to microtubules anaphase: sister chromatids part as spinde reels in microtubules, cell begins to elongate telophase: nuclear envelopes reappear, chromosomes uncoil, spindle depolymerized
Created by: andream18
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