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36. Pop & Com
AP Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| age structure | proportion of population members at specific age ranges |
| aggressive display | visual display by a species member to discourage other members of the same species or different species |
| aposematic coloration | warning coloration used as a defensive mechanism against predation |
| Batesian mimicry | type of mimicry where a non-harmful species takes on the warning colorations of a harmful one |
| behavior | change in an organism’s activities in response to a stimulus |
| behavioral biology | study of the biology and evolution of behavior |
| biotic potential (rmax) | maximal potential growth rate of a species |
| birth rate (B) | number of births within a population at a specific point in time |
| camouflage | avoid detection by blending in with the background. |
| carrying capacity (K) | number of individuals of a species that can be supported by the limited resources of a habitat |
| classical conditioning | association of a specific stimulus and response through conditioning |
| climax community | final stage of succession, where a stable community is formed by a characteristic assortment of plant and animal species |
| cognitive learning | knowledge and skills acquired by the manipulation of information in the mind |
| commensalism | relationship between species wherein one species benefits from the close, prolonged interaction, while the other species neither benefits nor is harmed |
| competitive exclusion principle | no two species within a habitat can coexist when they compete for the same resources at the same place and time |
| conditioned behavior | behavior that becomes associated with a specific stimulus through conditioning |
| courtship display | visual display used to attract a mate |
| death rate (D) | number of deaths within a population at a specific point in time |
| demographic-based population model | modern model of population dynamics incorporating many features of the r- and K-selection theory |
| demography | statistical study of changes in populations over time |
| density-dependent regulation | regulation of population that is influenced by population density, such as crowding effects; usually involves biotic factors |
| density-independent regulation | regulation of populations by factors that operate independent of population density, such as forest fires and volcanic eruptions; usually involves abiotic factors |
| distraction display | visual display used to distract predators away from a nesting site |
| Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry | type of mimicry where a harmful species resembles a less harmful one |
| energy budget | allocation of energy resources for body maintenance, reproduction, and parental care |
| environmental disturbance | change in the environment caused by natural disasters or human activities |
| ethology | biological study of animal behavior |
| exponential growth | accelerating growth pattern seen in species under conditions where resources are not limiting |
| fecundity | potential reproductive capacity of an individual |
| fixed action pattern | series of instinctual behaviors that, once initiated, always goes to completion regardless of changes in the environment |
| foraging | behaviors species use to find food |
| foundation species | species which often forms the major structural portion of the habitat |
| habituation | ability of a species to ignore repeated stimuli that have no consequence |
| host | organism a parasite lives on |
| imprinting | identification of parents by newborns as the first organism they see after birth |
| innate behavior | instinctual behavior that is not altered by changes in the environment |
| intersexual selection | selection of a desirable mate of the opposite sex |
| interspecific competition | competition between species for resources in a shared habitat or environment |
| intrasexual selection | competition between members of the same sex for a mate |
| intraspecific competition | competition between members of the same species |
| island biogeography | study of life on island chains and how their geography interacts with the diversity of species found there |
| iteroparity | life history strategy characterized by multiple reproductive events during the lifetime of a species |
| J-shaped growth curve | shape of an exponential growth curve |
| K-selected species | species suited to stable environments that produce a few, relatively large offspring and provide parental care |
| keystone species | species whose presence is key to maintaining biodiversity in an ecosystem and to upholding an ecological community’s structure |
| kin selection | sacrificing one’s own life so that one’s genes will be passed on to future generations by relatives |
| kinesis | undirected movement of an organism in response to a stimulus |
| learned behavior | behavior that responds to changes in the environment |
| life history | inherited pattern of resource allocation under the influence of natural selection and other evolutionary forces |
| life table | table showing the life expectancy of a population member based on its age |
| logistic growth | leveling off of exponential growth due to limiting resources |
| mark and recapture | technique used to determine population size in mobile organisms |
| migration | long-range seasonal movement of animal species |
| monogamy | mating system whereby one male and one female remain coupled for at least one mating season |
| mortality rate | proportion of population surviving to the beginning of an age interval that die during the age interval |
| Müllerian mimicry | type of mimicry where species share warning coloration and all are harmful to predators |
| mutualism | symbiotic relationship between two species where both species benefit |
| one-child policy | China’s policy to limit population growth by limiting urban couples to have only one child or face the penalty of a fine |
| operant conditioning | learned behaviors in response to positive and/or negative reinforcement |
| parasite | organism that uses resources from another species, the host |
| pioneer species | first species to appear in primary and secondary succession |
| polyandry | mating system where one female mates with many males |
| polygyny | mating system where one male mates with many females |
| population density | number of population members divided by the area or volume being measured |
| population growth rate | number of organisms added in each reproductive generation |
| population size (N) | number of population members in a habitat at the same time |
| primary succession | succession on land that previously has had no life |
| quadrat | square made of various materials used to determine population size and density in slow moving or stationary organisms |
| r-selected species | species suited to changing environments that produce many offspring and provide little or no parental care |
| reflex action | action in response to direct physical stimulation of a nerve |
| relative species abundance | absolute population size of a particular species relative to the population sizes of other species within the community |
| S-shaped growth curve | shape of a logistic growth curve |
| secondary succession | succession in response to environmental disturbances that move a community away from its equilibrium |
| semelparity | life history strategy characterized by a single reproductive event followed by death |
| signal | method of communication between animals including those obtained by the senses of smell, hearing, sight, or touch |
| species dispersion pattern | (also, species distribution pattern) spatial location of individuals of a given species within a habitat at a particular point in time |
| species richness | number of different species in a community |
| survivorship curve | graph of the number of surviving population members versus the relative age of the member |
| symbiosis | close interaction between individuals of different species over an extended period of time that impacts the abundance and distribution of the associating populations |
| taxis | directed movement in response to a stimulus |
| zero population growth | steady population size where birth rates and death rates are equal |
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haqcyn
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