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20. Phylogenies
AP Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| analogy | (also, homoplasy) characteristic that is similar between organisms by convergent evolution, not due to the same evolutionary path |
| basal taxon | branch on a phylogenetic tree that has not diverged significantly from the root ancestor |
| binomial nomenclature | system of two-part scientific names for an organism, which includes genus and species names |
| branch point | node on a phylogenetic tree where a single lineage splits into distinct new ones |
| cladistics | system used to organize homologous traits to describe phylogenies |
| cladograms | visual representations of evolutionary relationships between organisms |
| class | division of phylum in the taxonomic classification system |
| eukaryote-first hypothesis | proposal that prokaryotes evolved from eukaryotes |
| family | division of order in the taxonomic classification system |
| gene transfer agent (GTA) | bacteriophage-like particle that transfers random genomic segments from one species of prokaryote to another |
| genome fusion | fusion of two prokaryotic genomes, presumably by endosymbiosis |
| genus | division of family in the taxonomic classification system; the first part of the binomial scientific name |
| horizontal gene transfer (HGT) | (also, lateral gene transfer) transfer of genes between unrelated species |
| kingdom | division of domain in the taxonomic classification system |
| maximum parsimony | applying the simplest, most obvious way with the least number of steps |
| mitochondria-first hypothesis | proposal that prokaryotes acquired a mitochondrion first, followed by nuclear development |
| molecular systematics | technique using molecular evidence to identify phylogenetic relationships |
| monophyletic group | (also, clade) organisms that share a single ancestor |
| nucleus-first hypothesis | proposal that prokaryotes acquired a nucleus first, and then the mitochondrion |
| order | division of class in the taxonomic classification system |
| parsimony | the simplest, most straightforward way of constructing phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between organisms |
| phylogenetic tree | diagram used to reflect the evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms |
| phylum | division of kingdom in the taxonomic classification system |
| polytomy | branch on a phylogenetic tree with more than two groups or taxa |
| ring of life | phylogenetic model where all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes |
| rooted | single ancestral lineage on a phylogenetic tree to which all organisms represented in the diagram relate |
| shared ancestral character | describes a characteristic on a phylogenetic tree that is shared by all organisms on the tree |
| shared derived character | describes a characteristic on a phylogenetic tree that is shared only by a certain clade of organisms |
| sister taxa | two lineages that diverged from the same branch point |
| systematics | field of organizing and classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships |
| taxon | (plural: taxa) single level in the taxonomic classification system |
| taxonomic classification system | hierarchical system of classifying organisms, including the classification of domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species |
| taxonomy | science of classifying organisms |
| web of life | phylogenetic model that attempts to incorporate the effects of horizontal gene transfer on evolutio |
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haqcyn
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