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19. Evo Populations

AP Biology

QuestionAnswer
adaptive evolution increase in frequency of beneficial alleles and decrease in deleterious alleles due to selection
allele frequency (also, gene frequency) rate at which a specific allele appears within a population
assortative mating when individuals tend to mate with those who are phenotypically similar to themselves
bottleneck effect magnification of genetic drift as a result of natural events or catastrophes
cline gradual geographic variation across an ecological gradient
directional selection selection that favors phenotypes at one end of the spectrum of existing variation
diversifying selection selection that favors two or more distinct phenotypes
evolutionary fitness (also, Darwinian fitness) individual’s ability to survive and reproduce
fitness measure of successful reproduction, the passing on alleles to the next generation
founder effect event that initiates an allele frequency change in part of the population, which is not typical of the original population
frequency-dependent selection selection that favors phenotypes that are either common (positive frequency-dependent selection) or rare (negative frequency-dependent selection)
gene flow flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes
gene pool all of the alleles carried by all of the individuals in the population
genetic drift effect of chance on a population’s gene pool
genetic structure distribution of the different possible genotypes in a population
genetic variance diversity of alleles and genotypes in a population
genotype frequency the proportion of a specific genotype in a population relative to all other genotypes for those genes that are present in the population
geographical variation differences in the phenotypic variation between populations that are separated geographically
good genes hypothesis theory of sexual selection that argues individuals develop impressive ornaments to show off their efficient metabolism or ability to fight disease
handicap principle theory of sexual selection that argues only the fittest individuals can afford costly traits
Hardy–Weinberg principle of equilibrium a stable, non-evolving state of a population in which allelic frequencies are stable over time
heritability fraction of population variation that can be attributed to its genetic variance
honest signal trait that gives a truthful impression of an individual’s fitness
inbreeding mating of closely related individuals
inbreeding depression increase in abnormalities and disease in inbreeding populations
macroevolution broader scale evolutionary changes seen over paleontological time
microevolution changes in a population’s genetic structure
modern synthesis overarching evolutionary paradigm that took shape by the 1940s and is generally accepted today
nonrandom mating changes in a population’s gene pool due to mate choice or other forces that cause individuals to mate with certain phenotypes more than others
polymorphisms variations in phenotype within individuals of a population
population genetics study of how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time
population variation distribution of phenotypes in a population
relative fitness individual’s ability to survive and reproduce relative to the rest of the population
selective pressure environmental factor that causes one phenotype to be better than another
sexual dimorphism phenotypic difference between the males and females of a population
stabilizing selection selection that favors average phenotypes
Created by: haqcyn
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