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17. Biotechnology
AP Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| antibiotic resistance | ability of an organism to be unaffected by the actions of an antibiotic |
| biomarker | individual protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state |
| biotechnology | use of biological agents for technological advancement |
| cDNA library | collection of cloned cDNA sequences |
| cellular cloning | production of identical cell populations by binary fission |
| chain termination method | method of DNA sequencing using labeled dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA replication; it is also called the dideoxy method or the Sanger method |
| clone | exact replica |
| contig | larger sequence of DNA assembled from overlapping shorter sequences |
| cytogenetic mapping | technique that uses a microscope to create a map from stained chromosomes |
| deoxynucleotide | individual monomer (single unit) of DNA |
| dideoxynucleotide | individual monomer of DNA that is missing a hydroxyl group (–OH) |
| DNA microarray | method used to detect gene expression by analyzing an array of DNA fragments that are fixed to a glass slide or a silicon chip to identify active genes and identify sequences |
| expressed sequence tag (EST) | short STS that is identified with cDNA |
| false negative | incorrect test result that should have been positive |
| foreign DNA | DNA that belongs to a different species or DNA that is artificially synthesized |
| gel electrophoresis | technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size using electric charge |
| gene targeting | method for altering the sequence of a specific gene by introducing the modified version on a vecto |
| gene therapy | technique used to cure inheritable diseases by replacing mutant genes with good genes |
| genetic diagnosis | diagnosis of the potential for disease development by analyzing disease-causing genes |
| genetic engineering | alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism |
| genetic map | outline of genes and their location on a chromosome |
| genetic marker | gene or sequence on a chromosome with a known location that is associated with a specific trait |
| genetic recombination | exchange of DNA between homologous pairs of chromosomes |
| genetic testing | process of testing for the presence of disease-causing genes |
| genetically modified organism (GMO) | organism whose genome has been artificially changed |
| genome annotation | process of attaching biological information to gene sequences |
| genome mapping | process of finding the location of genes on each chromosome |
| genomic library | collection of cloned DNA which represents all of the sequences and fragments from a genome |
| genomics | study of entire genomes including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species |
| host DNA | DNA that is present in the genome of the organism of interest |
| linkage analysis | procedure that analyzes the recombination of genes to determine if they are linked |
| lysis buffer | solution used to break the cell membrane and release cell contents |
| metabolome | complete set of metabolites which are related to the genetic makeup of an organism |
| metabolomics | study of small molecule metabolites found in an organism |
| metagenomics | study of the collective genomes of multiple species that grow and interact in an environmental niche |
| microsatellite polymorphism | variation between individuals in the sequence and number of repeats of microsatellite DNA |
| model organism | species that is studied and used as a model to understand the biological processes in other species represented by the model organism |
| molecular cloning | cloning of DNA fragments |
| multiple cloning site (MCS) | site that can be recognized by multiple restriction endonucleases |
| next-generation sequencing | group of automated techniques used for rapid DNA sequencing |
| northern blotting | transfer of RNA from a gel to a nylon membrane |
| pharmacogenomics | study of drug interactions with the genome or proteome; also called toxicogenomics |
| physical map | representation of the physical distance between genes or genetic markers |
| polygenic | phenotypic characteristic caused by two or more genes |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | technique used to amplify DNA |
| probe | small DNA fragment used to determine if the complementary sequence is present in a DNA sample |
| protease | enzyme that breaks down proteins |
| protein signature | set of uniquely expressed proteins in the diseased state |
| proteome | entire set of proteins produced by a cell type |
| proteomics | study of the function of proteomes |
| pure culture | growth of a single type of cell in the laboratory |
| radiation hybrid mapping | information obtained by fragmenting the chromosome with x-rays |
| recombinant DNA | combination of DNA fragments generated by molecular cloning that does not exist in nature; also known as a chimeric molecule |
| recombinant protein | protein product of a gene derived by molecular cloning |
| reproductive cloning | cloning of entire organisms |
| restriction endonuclease | enzyme that can recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences |
| restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) | variation between individuals in the length of DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases |
| reverse genetics | method of determining the function of a gene by starting with the gene itself instead of starting with the gene product |
| reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) | PCR technique that involves converting RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase |
| ribonuclease | enzyme that breaks down RNA |
| sequence mapping | mapping information obtained after DNA sequencing |
| shotgun sequencing | method used to sequence multiple DNA fragments to generate the sequence of a large piece of DNA |
| single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | variation between individuals in a single nucleotide |
| Southern blotting | transfer of DNA from a gel to a nylon membrane |
| systems biology | study of whole biological systems (genomes and proteomes) based on interactions within the system |
| Ti plasmid | plasmid system derived from Agrobacterium tumifaciens that has been used by scientists to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells |
| transgenic | organism that receives DNA from a different species |
| variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) | variation in the number of tandem repeats between individuals in the population |
| whole-genome sequencing | process that determines the DNA sequence of an entire genome |
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