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16. Gene Regulation
AP Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3' UTR | 3' untranslated region; region just downstream of the protein-coding region in an RNA molecule that is not translated |
| 5' cap | a methylated guanosine triphosphate (GTP) molecule that is attached to the 5' end of a messenger RNA to protect the end from degradation |
| 5' UTR | 5' untranslated region; region just upstream of the protein-coding region in an RNA molecule that is not translated |
| activator | protein that binds to prokaryotic operators to increase transcription |
| catabolite activator protein (CAP) | protein that complexes with cAMP to bind to the promoter sequences of operons that control sugar processing when glucose is not available |
| cis-acting element | transcription factor binding sites within the promoter that regulate the transcription of a gene adjacent to it |
| dicer | enzyme that chops the pre-miRNA into the mature form of the miRNA |
| DNA methylation | epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing; commonly found in cancer cells |
| enhancer | segment of DNA that is upstream, downstream, perhaps thousands of nucleotides away, or on another chromosome that influence the transcription of a specific gene |
| epigenetic | heritable changes that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence |
| eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) | protein that binds first to an mRNA to initiate translation |
| gene expression | processes that control the turning on or turning off of a gene |
| guanine diphosphate (GDP) | molecule that is left after the energy is used to start translation |
| guanine triphosphate (GTP) | energy-providing molecule that binds to eIF-2 and is needed for translation |
| histone acetylation | epigenetic modification that leads to gene expression; commonly found in cancer cells. |
| inducible operon | operon that can be activated or repressed depending on cellular needs and the surrounding environment |
| initiation complex | protein complex containing eIF2-2 that starts translation |
| lac operon | operon in prokaryotic cells that encodes genes required for processing and intake of lactose |
| large 60S ribosomal subunit | second, larger ribosomal subunit that binds to the RNA to translate it into protein |
| microRNA (miRNA) | small RNA molecules (approximately 21 nucleotides in length) that bind to RNA molecules to degrade them |
| myc | oncogene that causes cancer in many cancer cells |
| negative regulator | protein that prevents transcription |
| operator | region of DNA outside of the promoter region that binds activators or repressors that control gene expression in prokaryotic cells |
| operon | collection of genes involved in a pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cells |
| poly-A tail | a series of adenine nucleotides that are attached to the 3' end of an mRNA to protect the end from degradatio |
| positive regulator | protein that increases transcription |
| post-transcriptional | control of gene expression after the RNA molecule has been created but before it is translated into protein |
| post-translational | control of gene expression after a protein has been created |
| proteasome | organelle that degrades proteins |
| repressor | protein that binds to the operator of prokaryotic genes to prevent transcription |
| RISC | protein complex that binds along with the miRNA to the RNA to degrade it |
| RNA stability | how long an RNA molecule will remain intact in the cytoplasm |
| RNA-binding protein (RBP) | protein that binds to the 3' or 5' UTR to increase or decrease the RNA stability |
| small 40S ribosomal subunit | ribosomal subunit that binds to the RNA to translate it into protein |
| trans-acting element | transcription factor binding site found outside the promoter or on another chromosome that influences the transcription of a particular gene |
| transcription factor | protein that binds to the DNA at the promoter or enhancer region and that influences transcription of a gene |
| transcription factor binding site | sequence of DNA to which a transcription factor binds |
| transcriptional start site | site at which transcription begins |
| trp operon | series of genes necessary to synthesize tryptophan in prokaryotic cells |
| tryptophan | amino acid that can be synthesized by prokaryotic cells when necessary |
| untranslated region | segment of the RNA molecule that are not translated into protein. These regions lie before (upstream or 5') and after (downstream or 3') the protein-coding region |
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