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15. Gene to Protein
AP Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 7-methylguanosine cap | modification added to the 5' end of pre-mRNAs to protect mRNA from degradation and assist translation |
| aminoacyl tRNA synthetase | enzyme that “charges” tRNA molecules by catalyzing a bond between the tRNA and a corresponding amino acid |
| anticodon | three-nucleotide sequence in a tRNA molecule that corresponds to an mRNA codon |
| CAAT box | (GGCCAATCT) essential eukaryotic promoter sequence involved in binding transcription factors |
| Central Dogma | states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins |
| codon | three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specify the insertion of an amino acid or the release of a polypeptide chain during translation |
| colinear | in terms of RNA and protein, three “units” of RNA (nucleotides) specify one “unit” of protein (amino acid) in a consecutive fashion |
| consensus | DNA sequence that is used by many species to perform the same or similar functions |
| core enzyme | prokaryotic RNA polymerase consisting of α, α, β, and β' but missing σ; this complex performs elongation |
| degeneracy | (of the genetic code) describes that a given amino acid can be encoded by more than one nucleotide triplet; the code is degenerate, but not ambiguous |
| downstream | nucleotides following the initiation site in the direction of mRNA transcription; in general, sequences that are toward the 3' end relative to a site on the mRNA |
| exon | sequence present in protein-coding mRNA after completion of pre-mRNA splicing |
| FACT | complex that “facilitates chromatin transcription” by disassembling nucleosomes ahead of a transcribing RNA polymerase II and reassembling them after the polymerase passes by |
| GC-rich box | (GGCG) nonessential eukaryotic promoter sequence that binds cellular factors to increase the efficiency of transcription; may be present several times in a promoter |
| hairpin | structure of RNA when it folds back on itself and forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides |
| holoenzyme | prokaryotic RNA polymerase consisting of α, α, β, β', and σ; this complex is responsible for transcription initiation |
| initiation site | nucleotide from which mRNA synthesis proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction; denoted with a “+1” |
| initiator tRNA | in prokaryotes, called tRNAMetf ; in eukaryotes, called tRNAi; a tRNA that interacts with a start codon, binds directly to the ribosome P site, and links to a special methionine to begin a polypeptide chain |
| intron | non–protein-coding intervening sequences that are spliced from mRNA during processing |
| Kozak’s rules | determines the correct initiation AUG in a eukaryotic mRNA; the following consensus sequence must appear around the AUG: 5’-GCC(purine)CCAUGG-3’; the bolded bases are most important |
| nonsense codon | one of the three mRNA codons that specifies termination of translation |
| nontemplate strand | strand of DNA that is not used to transcribe mRNA; this strand is identical to the mRNA except that T nucleotides in the DNA are replaced by U nucleotides in the mRNA |
| Octamer box | (ATTTGCAT) nonessential eukaryotic promoter sequence that binds cellular factors to increase the efficiency of transcription; may be present several times in a promoter |
| peptidyl transferase | RNA-based enzyme that is integrated into the 50S ribosomal subunit and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds |
| plasmid | extrachromosomal, covalently closed, circular DNA molecule that may only contain one or a few genes; common in prokaryotes |
| poly-A tail | modification added to the 3' end of pre-mRNAs to protect mRNA from degradation and assist mRNA export from the nucleus |
| polysome | mRNA molecule simultaneously being translated by many ribosomes all going in the same direction |
| preinitiation complex | cluster of transcription factors and other proteins that recruit RNA polymerase II for transcription of a DNA template |
| promoter | DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase and associated factors bind and initiate transcription |
| reading frame | sequence of triplet codons in mRNA that specify a particular protein; a ribosome shift of one or two nucleotides in either direction completely abolishes synthesis of that protein |
| Rho-dependent termination | in prokaryotes, termination of transcription by an interaction between RNA polymerase and the rho protein at a run of G nucleotides on the DNA template |
| Rho-independent | termination sequence-dependent termination of prokaryotic mRNA synthesis; caused by hairpin formation in the mRNA that stalls the polymerase |
| RNA editing | direct alteration of one or more nucleotides in an mRNA that has already been synthesized |
| Shine-Dalgarno sequence | (AGGAGG); initiates prokaryotic translation by interacting with rRNA molecules comprising the 30S ribosome |
| signal sequence | short tail of amino acids that directs a protein to a specific cellular compartment |
| small nuclear RNA | molecules synthesized by RNA polymerase III that have a variety of functions, including splicing pre-mRNAs and regulating transcription factors |
| splicing | process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-mRNA |
| start codon | AUG (or rarely, GUG) on an mRNA from which translation begins; always specifies methionine |
| TATA box | conserved promoter sequence in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that helps to establish the initiation site for transcription |
| template strand | strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule |
| transcription bubble | region of locally unwound DNA that allows for transcription of mRNA |
| upstream | nucleotides preceding the initiation site; in general, sequences toward the 5' end relative to a site on the mRNA |
Created by:
haqcyn
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