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14. DNA & RNA

AP Biology

QuestionAnswer
electrophoresis technique used to separate DNA fragments according to size
helicase during replication, this enzyme helps to open up the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds
induced mutation mutation that results from exposure to chemicals or environmental agents
lagging strand during replication, the strand that is replicated in short fragments and away from the replication fork
leading strand strand that is synthesized continuously in the 5'-3' direction which is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork
ligase enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester linkage between the 3' OH and 5' phosphate ends of the DNA
mismatch repair type of repair mechanism in which mismatched bases are removed after replication
mutation variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
nucleotide excision repair type of DNA repair mechanism in which the wrong base, along with a few nucleotides upstream or downstream, are removed
Okazaki fragment DNA fragment that is synthesized in short stretches on the lagging strand
point mutation mutation that affects a single base
primase enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer; the primer is needed for DNA pol to start synthesis of a new DNA strand
primer short stretch of nucleotides that is required to initiate replication; in the case of replication, the primer has RNA nucleotides
proofreading function of DNA pol in which it reads the newly added base before adding the next one
replication fork Y-shaped structure formed during initiation of replication
silent mutation mutation that is not expressed
single-strand binding protein during replication, protein that binds to the single-stranded DNA; this helps in keeping the two strands of DNA apart so that they may serve as templates
sliding clamp ring-shaped protein that holds the DNA pol on the DNA strand
spontaneous mutation mutation that takes place in the cells as a result of chemical reactions taking place naturally without exposure to any external agent
telomerase enzyme that contains a catalytic part and an inbuilt RNA template; it functions to maintain telomeres at chromosome ends
telomere DNA at the end of linear chromosomes
topoisomerase enzyme that prevents overwinding of DNA when DNA replication is taking place
transformation process in which external DNA is taken up by a cell
transition substitution when a purine is replaced with a purine or a pyrimidine is replaced with another pyrimidine
transversion substitution when a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine is replaced by a purine
Created by: haqcyn
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