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AP Biology Unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chemical reaction | the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances |
| enzyme | macromolecule that acts as a catalyst |
| enzyme-mediated | |
| substrate | the reactant an enzyme acts on |
| activation energy | initial investment of energy for starting a reaction - the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break |
| catalysis | process by which a catalyst selectively speeds up a reaction without itself being consumed |
| catalyst | chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| competitive inhibition | fake substrate that mimics real one binding to the active site in order to stop real one from binding |
| denaturation | loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor |
| noncompetitive inhibition | substrate binds to other region of enzyme and changes its shape, thus changing active site |
| pH | hydrogen ion concentration |
| cyanobacteria | bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis |
| NADPH/NADP+Ade | reduced and oxidized forms of electron carrier in photosynthesis |
| adenosine diphosphate (ADP) | low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP |
| aerobic | requires oxygen |
| anaerobic | without oxygen |
| cellular respiration | sugar glucose and other organic fuels broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water |
| coenzyme | if the cofactor is an organic molecule. |
| cytosol | fluid portion of cytoplasm |
| electrochemical gradient | the combination of forces that acts on membrane potential |
| electron | negatively charged particle |
| electron acceptor | molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced |
| electron carrier | a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule |
| endothermic | (of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with absorption of heat |
| fermentation | partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen occurs in the cytoplasm - degradation process in which glucose is broken into two molecules of compound pyruvate |
| glycolysis | occurs in the cytoplasm - degradation process in which glucose is broken into two molecules of compound pyruvate |
| inorganic chemistry | the study of chemicals that do not contain carbon |
| lactic acid | product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells |
| NADH/NAD+ | reduced and oxidized forms of electron carrier in cellular respiration |
| organic chemistry | the study of all chemicals containing carbon |
| oxidation | loss of electrons from one substance |
| oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration. |
| photophosphorolyzation | generation of ATP through chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP |
| proton | positively charged particle |
| pyruvate | Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis. |
| stimuli | changes in the environment |
Created by:
andream18
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