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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | Chemical reaction, a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. A chemical reaction rearranges the constituent atoms of the reactants to create different substances as products. |
| Enzyme | are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. |
| Enzyme-mediated | an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. The region of the enzyme to which the substrate binds is called the active site. |
| Substrate | a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). In the case of a single substrate, the substrate bonds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. |
| Activation Energy | is the amount of energy required to reach the transition state. The source of the activation energy needed to push reactions forward is typically heat energy from the surroundings. |
| Catalysis | The process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process. Substances that can accomplish this remarkable feat are termed catalysts and are of immense importance in chemistry and biology. |
| Catalysts | A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not consumed or altered in the process. Catalysts are of immense importance in chemistry and biology. All enzymes are catalysts that expedite the biochemical reactions necessary for life. |
| Competitive Inhibition | occurs when molecules very similar to the substrate molecules bind to the active site and prevent binding of the actual substrate. |
| Denaturation | occurs when molecules very similar to the substrate molecules bind to the active site and prevent binding of the actual substrate. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | a type of allosteric regulation, is a specific type of enzyme inhibition characterized by an inhibitor binding to an allosteric site resulting in decreased efficacy of the enzyme. An allosteric site is simply a site that differs from the active site. |
| pH | quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. The term, widely used in chemistry, biology, and agronomy, translates the values of the concentration of the hydrogen ion |
| Cyanobacteria | also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of prokaryotes consisting of both free-living photosynthetic bacteria and the endosymbiotic plastids that are present in the Archaeplastida. |
| NADPH/NADP+ | NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH. NADP+ is created in anabolic reactions, or reaction that build large molecules from small molecules. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ... ATP contains one more phosphate group than does ADP. AMP contains one fewer phosphate group. |
| Aerobic | is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy. |
| Anaerobic | is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenated environment. |
| Cellular Respiration | a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate, and then release waste products. |
| Coenzyme | small molecules. They cannot by themselves catalyze a reaction but they can help enzymes to do so. In technical terms, coenzymes are organic nonprotein molecules that bind with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme |
| Cytosol | known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, or groundplasm, is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. |
| Electrochemical Gradient | a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts, the chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane, and the electrical gradient. |
| Electron | a stable atomic particle that has a negative charge, the flow of electrons through a substance constitutes electricity. |
| Electron Acceptor | a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. Electron acceptors are sometimes mistakenly called electron receptors. |
| Endothermic | so-called warm-blooded animals; that is, those that maintain a constant body temperature independent of the environment. The endotherms primarily include the birds and mammals; however, some fish are also endothermic. |
| Fermentation | is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. |
| Glycolysis | metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | Of or pertaining to substances that are not of organic origin. (2) Relating to a substance that does not contain carbon. |
| Lactic Acid | a waste product of anaerobic respiration. ... Lactic acid, or lactate, is a chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration — the process by which cells produce energy without oxygen around. Bacteria produce it in yogurt and our guts. |
| NADH/NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) carrying two electrons and bonded with a hydrogen (H) ion; the reduced form of NAD. |
| Organic Chemistry | is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition contain carbon. Organic compounds are molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen. |
| Oxidation | an energy-producing reaction in living cells, and it is coupled with a reduction reaction (Fig. 1). When a compound loses an electron, or is oxidized, another compound gains the electron, or is reduced. \ |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers. |
| Photophosphorylation | is the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII. This involves the splitting of the water molecule in oxygen and hydrogen protons (H+), a process known as photolysis. |
| Proton | is a positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (the core of the atom) of an atom and has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1. Neutrons, like protons, reside in the nucleus of an atom. They have a mass of 1 and no charge. |
| Pyruvate | is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. |
| Stimuli | is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to detect external stimuli, so that an appropriate reaction can be made, is called sensitivity. |
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FernandoC
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