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Unit 3 Vocab
Unit Three Vocabulary-Rodriguez
| Chemical Reaction | A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. |
| Enzyme | Proteins that act as biological catalysts. |
| Enzyme-mediated | There is an enzyme involved in the reaction to help speed things up. |
| Substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
| Activation Energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy activation. |
| Catalysis | The acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst. |
| Catalysts | A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| Competitive Inhibition | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics. |
| Denaturation | A process modifying the molecular structure of a protein. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site changing the enzymes shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product. |
| pH | A scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. |
| Cyanobacteria | A division of microorganisms that are related to the bacteria but are capable of photosynthesis. They are prokaryotic and represent the earliest known form of life on the earth. |
| NADPH/NADP+ | NADPH is an electron carrier. It accepts energized electrons released during some metabolic reactions. NADP+ and other such cofactors are capable of accepting these electrons in a stable manner without forming harmful and overly reactive radicals. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | Adenosine diphosphate, also known as adenosine pyrophosphate, is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. |
| Aerobic | Requiring the presence of air or free oxygen. |
| Anaerobic | Does not require oxygen for functioning. |
| Cellular Respiration | A set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products. |
| Coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions. |
| Cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
| Electrochemical Gradient | A gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across membrane. |
| Electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an Atom |
| Electron Acceptor | A chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. |
| Electron Carrier | Molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport. |
| Endothermic | Requiring the absorption of heat. |
| Fermentation | The chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat. |
| Glycolysis | The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. |
| Lactic Acid | A colorless syrupy organic acid formed in sour milk and produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise. |
| NADH/NAD+ | NAD+, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a coenzyme found in every single living cell. But sometimes it’s referred to, colloquially, as just NAD. |
| Organic Chemistry | Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding. |
| Oxidation | To combine with oxygen; make into an oxide. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP for which energy is obtained by electron transport and which takes place in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration |
| Photophosphorylation | A process in which ATP is produced by the addition of phosphate group into ADP during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Proton | A stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign. |
| Pyruvate | A salt or ester of pyruvic acid. |
| Stimuli | A thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue. |
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