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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary - Cruz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading changes in the composition of matter. |
| Enzyme | a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| Enzyme-mediated | an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. |
| Substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
| Activation Energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. |
| Catalysis | The process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process. |
| Catalysts | a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| Competitive Inhibition | occurs when molecules very similar to the substrate molecules bind to the active site and prevent binding of the actual substrate. |
| Denaturation | process modifying the molecular structure of a protein. This involves the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds, within a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly ordered structure of the protein in its natural (native) state. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product. |
| pH | A measure of hydrogeon ion concentration equal to -log and ranging in value fro 0 to 14. |
| Cyanobacteria | known as blue-green bacteria, blue-green algae, and Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. |
| NADPH/NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. |
| Aerobic | catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. Carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms. |
| Anaerobic | a catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the "down hill" end of electron transport chains. |
| Cellular Respiration | catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an ETC for the production of ATP. |
| Coenzyme | organic molecule serving as a cofactor. |
| Cytosol | semifluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| Electrochemical Gradient | diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration differences of an ion across a membrane and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential. |
| Electron | subatomic particle w/ a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. |
| Electron Acceptor | a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. |
| Electron Carrier | Any of various molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport. |
| Endothermic | referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heta usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment. |
| Fermentation | catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an ETC and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
| Glycolysis | series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the staring point for fermentation or cellular respiration. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | is the branch of chemistry which studies the elements, and inorganic compounds, can be defined simply as all chemistry which is not organic chemistry, studies the elements (including carbon), and all compounds other than carbon compounds. |
| Lactic Acid | Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ w/ no release of carbon dioxide. |
| NADH/NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized and reduced states, thus acting as an electron carrier. |
| Organic Chemistry | the study of carbon compounds |
| Oxidation | the complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an ETC; the third major stage of cellular respiration. |
| Photophosphorylation | the process of generating ATP from ADP & phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Proton | subatomic particle w/ a single positive electrical charge w/ a mass of about 1.7 * 10^-24g, found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Pyruvate | s an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. |
| Stimuli | a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to detect external stimuli, so that an appropriate reaction can be made, is called sensitivity. |
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evelyncruz
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