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bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| all life occurs in a ______based environment | water |
| _____consists of two hydrogen atoms | water molecules |
| amount of heat necessary to rise the temp. of 1 gram of that molecule by 1 degree celsius | specific heat |
| ______has a high specific heat value due to the extent of hydrogen bonding. | water |
| ____results in a strong cohesive & adhesive properties | hydrogen bonding |
| ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substances | cohesion |
| ability of water to bond or attract other molecules or substances | adhesion |
| what 4 biologic molecules are the most important | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid |
| long chains of polymers of sugars | carbohydrates |
| what functions storage, structure, energy | carbohydrates |
| what forms the backbone of the the important molecules such as DNA & RNA | CARBOHYDRATES |
| also known as fatty acids, steriods, phospholipids | lipids |
| saturated fat and unsaturated fat are called | fatty acids |
| contain no double bond | saturated fats |
| liquid at room temp. | unsaturated fats |
| what is polar and soluable in water | phospholipids |
| _____are molecules that organize in a way that creates a barrier that protects the cell. | phospholipids |
| _____is components of membranes | steroids |
| _____are the most significant contributor to cellular function. | proteins |
| proteins are polymers of 20 molecules called? | amino acids |
| largest biologic molecules | proteins |
| ___particular types of proteins that act to catalyze different reactions or processes. | enzymes |
| all cellular function is catalyzed by some type of ? | enzyme |
| molecules of inheritance | nucleic acid |
| contains the necessary code for replication | DNA |
| used to transfer information from DNA to protein level as a messenger in most genetic code | RNA |
| _____is a unique molecule specific to a particular organism | DNA |
| ______sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism | metabolism |
| in a cell, reactions take place in a series of steps called? | metabolic pathway |
| what progresses from a stand point of high energy to low energy? | metabolic pathway |
| all reactions are catalyzed by the use of ? | enzymes |
| first of all organelles, contains the DNA | nucleus |
| DNA of a cell in organized masses are called? | chromosomes |
| what contains all genetic info to repair, and replicate as well as instructions for cell function? | chromosomes |
| organelles that read the RNA | ribosomes |
| produced in the nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins? | ribosomes |
| cells with a high rate of protein generally have a large number of | ribosomes |
| ribosomes can be found in two locations ______&_________ | bound ribosomes and free ribosomes |
| found attached to the endoplasmic reticlum (ER) | bound ribosomes |
| found in the cytoplasm | free ribosomes |
| the two types are interchangeable have identical structures, but slightly different roles | bound ribosomes and free ribosomes |
| also known as ER | endoplasmic reticlum |
| membranous organelle attached to two nuclear membrane and consists of 2 continuos parts | endoplasmic reticlum |
| through an electron microscope, it is clear that part of the membranous system is covered with? referred to as ? | ribosomes, rough er |
| ____is responsible for protein synthesis & membrane production | rough ER |
| ______lacks ribosomes | smooth ER |
| ______functions as a detoxification & metabolism of multiple molecules | smooth ER |
| _______processing, packaging, shipping | golgi apparatus |
| where does intracellular digestion take place in | lysosomes |
| packed with hydrolic enzymes | lysosomes |
| can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, & nucleic acids | lysosomes |
| normally contain a acidic environment | lysosomes |
| membrane enclosed structures that have various functions | vacuoles |
| uptake food through the cell membrane creating a food vocuole | phagocytis |
| ____have a vacuole that functions as storage, waste disposal, protection & hydrolysis. | plant cells |
| two distinct organelles that produce cell energy | mitochondria & chloroplasts |
| found in most eukaryotic cells | mitochondria |
| site of cellular respiration | mitochondria |
| found in plants, site of photosynthesis | chloroplasts |
| most important component of a cell | cellular membrane |
| consists of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, chlorestrol , & glycoproteins, peppered throughout | cellular membrane |
| protection, communication, & passage of substances in and out of a cell | cellular membrane |
| amphipathic molecules | phospholipids |
| this bilayer creates a hydrophobic region between the two layers of lipids,making it selectively permeable | cellular membrane |
| there are 2 catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production.___________produces far more energy than it does its anaerobic counterpart, fermentation | cellular energy production |
| ocuurs in 3 complex steps that are simplified for our purposes. C6H12O6+6O2->6CO2+6H2O | cellular energy production |
| one molecule used as the energy currency of a cell | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| compound that acts as a reducing agent and is a vehicle of stored energy is reduced | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) |
| this molecule is used as a precursor to produce greater amounts of ATP in the final steps of respiration. | NADA |
| the first step of cellular energy production, in metabolism of food to cellular energy is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate in a process called | glycolysis |
| takes place in the cytosol cell and produces 2 molecules of ATP, pyruvate and NADA each | glycolysis |
| step 2 of cellular energy production. pyruvate is transported into a mitochondrion and used in the first of a series of reactions called | citric acid cycle |
| krebs cycle A.K.A. | citric acid cycle |
| krebs cycle take place in matrix of the | mitochondria |
| for a single consumed glucose molecule, what is produced | 2 ATP, 6 CARBON DIOXIDE, 6 NADA MOLECULES |
| 3rd step of cellular energy production, begins with oxidation of the NADH molecules to produce oxygenand finally produce water in a series of steps called. | electron transport chain |
| for every glucose molecule, 28 to 32 ATP molecules can be produced | electron transport chain |
| a precursor to the glucose molecule is produced in a process called | photosynthesis |
| used to produce energy | glucose |
| light reaction and calvin cycle | photosynthesis |
| convert solar energy to chemical energy | light reaction |
| molecules to produce sugar | calvin cycle |
| raw materials for ________glucose, and oxygen | cellular respiration |
| products of ________________water, carbon dioxide, ATP | cell respiration |
| cell respiration and photosynthesis are processes called | cyclical |
| cells reproduced by 3 different processes, all of which fall into 2 categories : sexual and asexual | cellular reproduction |
| 2 types of reproduction | asexual reproduction |
| chromosome binds to the plasma membrane where it replicates | binary fission |
| grows and pinches into 2, producing two identical cells | binary fission |
| the process in which DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to two identical daughter cells. | mitosis |
| phases include: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, | mitosis |
| during _____the chromosomes are visibly separate and each duplicated chromosomes has two noticeable sister chromatids | prophase |
| nuclear envelope begins to disappear and the chromosomes begin to attach to a spindle that is forming along the spindle | prophase |
| disk formed during metaphase in which the chromosomes align on equatorial plane of the cell | metaphase plate |
| originates from a single cell, yielding all cells produced identical | sexual reproduction |
| two cells contribute genetic material resulting in significantly greater variation. | sexual reproduction |
| the special cell division that takes place in the gonads (overies and testes) as part of sexual reproduction, | meiosis |
| in this process the chromosome number is reduced 46 to 23, so when the egg and sperm unite in fertalization, the zygote will have the correct number of chromosomes | meiosis |
| two stages resulting in 4 daughter cells , each contain half as many chromosomes as the parent | meiosis |
| during _______chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division | interphase |
| stage of the cell cycle during which growth and DNA synthesis occur | interphase |
| trait of an organism that contains identical alleles | homozygous |
| trait of an organism that contains different alleles | heterozygous |
| alternate versions of a gene | alleles |
| genetic material of a cell | DNA |
| process during protein synthesis in which DNA molecules is used as a template to form mRNA | transcription |
| type of RNA formed from a templete of DNA, carries coded information to form proteins | messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| three-base sequence of messenger RNA | codon |
| the anticodon is located on a unit called ? | transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| RNA involved in protein synthesis: transfers a specific amino acids to the ricosome and binds it to mRNA | transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| sequence of bases that terminates translation during protein synthesis | stop codon |
| the chain is ended | stop codon |
| type of asexual reproduction, parent cells splits into 2 identical daughter cells | binary fission |
| substances that accelerate a reaction by reducing the activation energy or the amount of energy necessary for a reaction to occur | catalysts |
| the basic unit of life and the building block of tissues and organs | cell |
| compact rod shaped bodies located within the nucleus of a cell: contain DNA | chromosomes |
| two atoms share electrons, generally in pairs, one from each atom | covalent bond |
| anaerobic breakdown of glucose: first stage in cell respiration | glycolysis |
| series of linked chemical reactions | metabolic pathway |
| the positively charged mass within an atom, composed of neutrons, and protons, and processing most of the mass but occupying only a small fraction of the volume of the atom | nucleus |
| any of cell "organs" or organized components | organelles |
| process in which cells engulf food particles through the cell membrane. | phagocytosis |
| chemical process that converts light energy to synthesize carbohydrates | photosynthesis |
| nucleic acid found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell, occurs in three forms: mRNA, ribosomal RNA, tRNA | ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| sugar used in the formation of RNA | ribose |
| section of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is covered with ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production | rough ER |
| section of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that lacks ribosomes, functions in detoxification and metabolism of multiply molecules | smooth ER |
| lipid that is a component of a cell membrane: many steroids are precursors to significant hormones | steroid |
Created by:
jes81
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