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unit three
ap biology unit 3 vocabulary - garcia
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | Chemical reaction, a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. |
| Enzyme | An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. |
| Enzyme-mediated | an enzyme-mediated reaction, an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. |
| Substrate | substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate, the substrate bonds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. |
| Activation Energy | Activation energy is defined as the energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur, or the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| Catalysis | Catalysis is the process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process |
| Catalysis 2 | Catalysis is the process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process 2 |
| Competitive Inhibition | Competitive inhibition is interruption of a chemical pathway owing to one chemical substance inhibiting the effect of another by competing with it for binding or bonding |
| Denaturation | Denaturation involves the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds, within a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly ordered structure of the protein in its natural state. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | Noncompetitive inhibition, a type of allosteric regulation, is a specific type of enzyme inhibition characterized by an inhibitor binding to an allosteric site resulting in decreased efficacy of the enzyme. |
| pH | PH, quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions |
| Cyanobacteria | Cyanobacteria, are a phylum of prokaryotes consisting of free-living photosynthetic bacteria and the endosymbiotic plastids that are present in the Archaeplastida, the autotrophic eukaryotes that include the red and green algae and land plants. |
| NADPH/NADP+ | NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | Adenosine diphosphate is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells |
| Aerobic | Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. |
| Anaerobic | An anaerobic organism does not require oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present |
| Cellular Respiration | Cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. |
| Coenzyme | Coenzyme is a substance that enhances the action of an enzyme. coenzymes are organic nonprotein molecules that bind with the protein molecule to form the active enzyme. |
| Cytosol | The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, or groundplasm, is the liquid found inside cells |
| Electrochemical Gradient | An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. |
| Electron | Electron is a stable atomic particle that has a negative charge, the flow of electrons through a substance constitutes electricity. |
| Electron Acceptor | An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process |
| Electron Carrier | Electron carriers are small organic molecules that readily cycle between oxidized and reduced forms and are used to transport electrons during metabolic reactions. |
| Endothermic | Exothermic. describes a chemical reaction that releases energy (usually in the form of heat) |
| Fermentation | Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes |
| Glycolysis | Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H |
| Inorganic Chemistry | Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds, which include metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds. |
| Lactic Acid | Lactic acid is a waste product of anaerobic respiration. Lactic acid, or lactate, is a chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration |
| NADH/NAD+ | As an electron carrier, NAD+ and NADH help to convert the nutrients in your food into a form of energy your cells can use. |
| Organic Chemistry | Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition contain carbon |
| Oxidation | oxidation is an energy-producing reaction in living cells, and it is coupled with a reduction reaction, when a compound is oxidized, another compound is reduced. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy stored within in order to produce adenosine triphosphate |
| Photophosphorylation | Photophosphorylation is the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII |
| Proton | A proton is a positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom and has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1 |
| Pyruvate | Pyruvate is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. C3H4O3 |
| Stimuli | a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment |
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yesenia.g
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