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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | A chemical reaction is a process that changes or transforms one type of chemical into another. |
| Enzyme | An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is used over and over. |
| Enzyme-mediated | In an enzyme-mediated reaction, an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. The region of the enzyme to which the substrate binds is called the active site, the shape |
| Substrate | A substrate is the surface on which an organism (such as a plant, fungus, or animal) lives. A substrate can include biotic or abiotic materials and animals. |
| Activation Energy | Activation energy is the amount of energy required to reach the transition state. The source of the activation energy needed to push reactions forward is typically heat energy from the surroundings |
| Catalysis | Is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst |
| Catalysts | Catalysts are not consumed in the catalyzed reaction but can act repeatedly. |
| Competitive Inhibition | Competitive inhibition occurs when molecules very similar to the substrate molecules bind to the active site and prevent binding of the actual substrate. Penicillin, for example, is a competitive inhibitor that blocks the active site of an enzyme that man |
| Denaturation | Denaturation, in biology, process modifying the molecular structure of a protein. Denaturation involves the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds), within a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly ordered struc |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | Noncompetitive inhibition, a type of allosteric regulation, is a specific type of enzyme inhibition characterized by an inhibitor binding to an allosteric site resulting in decreased efficacy of the enzyme. An allosteric site is simply a site that differs |
| pH | PH, quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. The term, widely used in chemistry, biology, and agronomy, translates the values of the concentration of the hydrogen ion—which ordinarily ranges between about 1 and |
| Cyanobacteria | Image result for Cyanobacteria biology definition Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green bacteria, blue-green algae, and Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis |
| NADPH/NADP+ | NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. ... NADPH donates the hydrogen (H) and associated electrons, oxidizing the molecule t |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells |
| Aerobic | Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. In contrast, anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. Respiration is used by all cells to turn fuel into energy that can be use |
| Anaerobic | Anaerobic may be used to describe an organism, a cell, a process or a mechanism that can function without air (i.e. air to generally mean oxygen). This is in contrast to the term aerobic, which means requiring air or free oxygen. |
| Cellular Respiration | Cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. |
| Coenzyme | Coenzyme: A substance that enhances the action of an enzyme. (An enzyme is a protein that functions as a catalyst to mediate and speed a chemical reaction). ... In technical terms, coenzymes are organic nonprotein molecules that bind with the protein mole |
| Cytosol | The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, or groundplasm, is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compa |
| Electrochemical Gradient | An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts, the chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane, and the electri |
| Electron | Electron. (Science: chemistry, physics) a stable atomic particle that has a negative charge, the flow of electrons through a substance constitutes electricity |
| Electron Acceptor | An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. Electron acceptors are sometimes mistakenly ca |
| Electron Carrier | Any of various molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport. Cytochromes and quinones (such as coenzyme Q) are some examples of electron carriers |
| Endothermic | Endotherm, so-called warm-blooded animals; that is, those that maintain a constant body temperature independent of the environment. ... If heat loss exceeds heat generation, metabolism increases to make up the loss or the animal shivers to raise its body |
| Fermentation | Fermentation is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available. Fermentation occurs in yeast cells, and a form of fermentation takes place in bacteria and in the muscle cells of animals. |
| Glycolysis | Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis consists of an energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | Inorganic chemistry is the study of the production of chemical compounds that do not require a carbon-hydrogen bond, reactions, and properties. Inorganic compounds can be classified as oxides, acids , bases, salts and. |
| Lactic Acid | Lactic acid is a waste product of anaerobic respiration. ... Lactic acid, or lactate, is a chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration — the process by which cells produce energy without oxygen around. Bacteria produce it in yogurt and our guts |
| NADH/NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a cofactor central to metabolism. ... The cofactor is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, |
| Organic Chemistry | Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition contain carbon. ... Organic compounds are molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen, and may contain any |
| Oxidation | Biological oxidation is an energy-producing reaction in living cells, and it is coupled with a reduction reaction When a compound loses an electron, or is oxidized, another compound gains the electron, or is reduced. Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers. This process, which takes place in mitochondria, is the major source of ATP in aerobic or |
| Photophosphorylation | the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis. |
| Proton | A proton is a positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (the core of the atom) of an atom and has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1. Neutrons, like protons, reside in the nucleus of an atom. They have a mass of 1 and no charge. |
| Pyruvate | Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two |
| Stimuli | In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to detect external stimuli, so that an appropriate reaction can be made, is calle |
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ChrisZam
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