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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary- Navarro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. |
| Enzyme | proteins that act as biological catalysts. |
| Enzyme-mediated | An enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme |
| Substrate | a molecule acted upon by an enzyme |
| Activation Energy | the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation or physical transport |
| Catalysis | the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst |
| Catalysts | A substance capable of initiating or speeding up a chemical reaction |
| Competitive Inhibition | interruption of a chemical pathway owing to one chemical substance inhibiting the effect of another by competing with it for binding or bonding. |
| Denaturation | process modifying the molecular structure of a protein. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate. |
| pH | A measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base |
| Cyanobacteria | A division of microorganisms that are related to the bacteria but are capable of photosynthesis |
| NADPH/NADP+ | A cofactor, used to donate electrons and a hydrogens to reactions catalyzed by some enzymes. NADPH is the reduced form of NADP⁺. Used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | An important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. |
| Aerobic | breaks down glucose and combines the broken down products with oxygen, making water and carbon dioxide |
| Anaerobic | glucose breaks down without oxygen. Produces lactic acid. |
| Cellular Respiration | the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions |
| Coenzyme | A substance that enhances the action of an enzyme. |
| Cytosol | the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell |
| Electrochemical Gradient | Is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane |
| Electron | A stable atomic particle that has a negative charge, the flow of electrons through a substance constitutes electricity. |
| Electron Acceptor | a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound |
| Electron Carrier | A molecule capable of accepting one (or more than one) electrons from another molecule (electron donor), and then ferry these electrons to donate to another during the process of electron transport. |
| Endothermic | The endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surrounding that is in the form of heat |
| Fermentation | When a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time. |
| Glycolysis | The metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | Deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds |
| Lactic Acid | A colorless syrupy organic acid formed in sour milk and produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise |
| NADH/NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a cofactor central to metabolism. an important conveyor of hydrogen and electrons for the cell and is essential for the continued production of energy (ATP) by the mitochondria. |
| Organic Chemistry | A branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding |
| Oxidation | The process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers. |
| Photophosphorylation | A biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound. Example: the addition of phosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
| Proton | A positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (the core of the atom) of an atom and has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1 |
| Pyruvate | It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. The primary function of the molecule is to act as the transport molecule that carries carbon atoms into the mitochondria for complete oxidation to carbon dioxide. |
| Stimuli | A detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment |
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