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AP Biology Unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another |
| Enzyme | Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. |
| Enzyme-mediated | In an enzyme-mediated reaction, an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme |
| Substrate | a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product. |
| Activation Energy | activation energy is the energy that must be provided to compounds to result in a chemical reaction.The activation energy of a reaction is measured in joules per mole, kilojoules per mole or kilocalories per mole |
| Catalysis | Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst. Catalysts are not consumed in the catalyzed reaction but can act repeatedly. Often only very small amounts of catalyst are required |
| Catalysts | Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst |
| Competitive Inhibition | Competitive inhibition is interruption of a chemical pathway owing to one chemical substance inhibiting the effect of another by competing with it for binding or bonding |
| Denaturation | Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | Non-competitive inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate. |
| pH | pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base |
| Cyanobacteria | Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are microscopic organisms found naturally in all types of water. These single-celled organisms live in fresh, brackish , and marine water. These organisms use sunlight to make their own food. |
| NADPH/NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP⁺ or, in older notation, TPN, is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | Adenosine diphosphate, also known as adenosine pyrophosphate, is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. |
| Aerobic | Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretching and strength training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness |
| Anaerobic | Anaerobic exercise is a type of exercise that breaks down glucose in the body without using oxygen; anaerobic means “without oxygen”. In practical terms, this means that anaerobic exercise is more intense, but shorter in duration than aerobic exercise. |
| Cellular Respiration | Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. |
| Coenzyme | a non protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme. |
| Cytosol | The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid or cytoplasmic matrix, or groundplasm, is the liquid found inside cells. |
| Electrochemical Gradient | An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential. The gradient consists of two parts, the chemical gradient, and the electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane. |
| Electron | a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids. |
| Electron Acceptor | An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. |
| Electron Carrier | |
| Endothermic | An endothermic process is any process with an increase in the enthalpy H of the system. In such a process, a closed system usually absorbs thermal energy from its surroundings, which is heat transfer into the system. |
| Fermentation | Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. |
| Glycolysis | Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | An inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds, that is, a compound that is not an organic compound. |
| Lactic Acid | Lactic acid is an organic acid. It has a molecular formula CH₃CHCOOH. It is white in the solid state and it is miscible with water. When in the dissolved state, it forms a colorless solution. |
| NADH/NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a cofactor central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. |
| Organic Chemistry | Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen |
| Oxidation | An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers. |
| Photophosphorylation | Photophosphorylation is the process of utilizing light energy from photosynthesis to convert ADP to ATP. It is the process of synthesizing energy-rich ATP molecules by transferring the phosphate group into ADP molecule in the presence of light. |
| Proton | a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign. |
| Pyruvate | Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. |
| Stimuli | a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. |
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