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Grade 9 Igcse
Human Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a balanced diet? | A balanced diet is a diet that contains the correct proportions of nutrients that the body needs to function correctly (e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) |
| Which general group of people require the most calories in their diet? | Adolescent males with active lifestyles |
| Why do pregnant/breastfeeding women need a larger caloric intake? | They need more energy to support the development of the child. The diet needs to be balanced as well to provide the correct nutrients |
| What is constipation caused by? | A lack of dietary fibre |
| What is starvation? | Suffering or death that is caused by not eating enough food |
| What is constipation? | Infrequent bowel movements causing difficulty passing faeces |
| What is scurvy caused by? | A lack of vitamin C |
| Give 3 sources of carbohydrates in the diet? | Pasta Bread Potato |
| Give 3 sources of fat in the diet | Oily fish Nuts Full-fat dairy |
| Give 3 sources of protein in the diet | Meat Fish Nuts |
| Give 2 sources of Vitamin C in the diet | Fruit Vegetables |
| Give 2 sources of Vitamin D in the diet | Oily fish Eggs |
| Give 2 sources of iron in the diet | Brown rice Meat |
| Give 2 sources of calcium in the diet | Milk Cheese |
| What are the 2 main groups of dietary fibre? | Soluble fibre Insoluble fibre |
| Give 2 sources of soluble fibre | Oats Fruit |
| Give 2 sources of insoluble fibre | Wholemeal bread Nuts |
| What are the causes of vitamin D deficiency? | Not enough sunlight - Not enough oily fish, egg yolks or fortified milk |
| What are the effects of vitamin D deficiency? | Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children which leads to weak bones which can cause deformities |
| What are the causes of iron deficiency? | A diet lacking iron - Blood loss - Pregnancy |
| What are the effects of iron deficiency? | Fatigue - Dizziness - Headache - Chest pain |
| What is kwashiorkor? | Types of protein deficiency |
| What is the difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus? | Kwashiorkor is protein deficiency whereas marasmus is not enough energy intake in many forms (not just protein) |
| What are the effects of kwashiorkor and marasmus? | Diarrhea - Loss of muscle mass - Fatigue |
| What is ingestion? | The intake of substances into the body through the mouth |
| What is mechanical digestion? | The process of breaking down food without altering it chemically |
| What is chemical digestion? | Breaking insoluble large molecules into smaller soluble ones |
| What is absorption? | The process where ions and broken down food molecules move into the blood through the wall of the intestine |
| What is assimilation? | The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used |
| What is egestion? | The removal of undigested food as waste from the anus |
| What is diarrhoea | Passing watery faeces |
| How can diarrhoea be treated? | Using oral rehydration therapy (ORT) which involves taking a sugar/salt solution orally (through the mouth) |
| What is cholera? | A disease caused by a bacterium that causes severe dehydration and diarrhoea |
| What is an ion channel? | They are proteins that span cell membranes that allow charged molecules to pass through the membrane |
| How does the cholera bacterium cause dehydration and diarrhoea? | The cholera bacterium produces a protein toxin. The toxin causes chloride ion channels in the small intestine membranes to open; Chloride ions move into the gut Water then also moves into the gut down is concentration gradient ;Faeces becomes watery |
| What is the difference between the alimentary canal and the digestive system? | The alimentary canal involves the tubes that the food passes through whereas the digestive system also includes digestive glands |
| Describe the passage of food through the alimentary canal | Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum |
| What is the function of the mouth? | To chew and break down food - To secrete digestive enzymes |
| What is the oesophagus? | The tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach |
| What does the stomach do? | The stomach is a muscular sac containing acid that pummels the food and breaks it down further |
| What role does the pancreas play in digestion? | The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine |
| Where are the salivary glands located? | In the mouth |
| Name the parts of the small intestine | Duodenum, jejenum and ileum |
| What is the function of the duodenum? | The duodenum receives food directly from the stomach and uses enzymes and chemical digestion to break the food down |
| What is the function of the ileum? | Most nutrients are absorbed from the food in the ileum into the blood |
| How is the ileum adapted to absorption? | The ileum is lined with villi and microvilli which provide a large surface area for absorption |
| How are villi adapted for absorption? | Thin walls - Large surface area - Good blood supply close to the surface |
| What is the function of the large intestine (colon)? | Water is reabsorbed into the blood in the large intestine |
| What is the function of the rectum? | The rectum stores faeces before egestion |
| Name the types of teeth present in each of the jaw | Incisors, canine, premolars and Molars |
| What is the function of incisors in mechanical digestion? | Biting and breaking sections of food off a larger piece |
| What is the function of canines in mechanical digestion? | Ripping and shredding food |
| What is the function of premolars and molars in mechanical digestion? | Chewing and grinding food |
| What causes dental decay? | Bacteria found in the mouth use sugars from foods to respire which produces acid that breaks down the enamel and dentine on teeth |
| How can dental decay be prevented? | Brush teeth regularly and thoroughly with fluoride containing toothpaste twice a day for roughly 2 minutes - Control diet and limit the consumption of sugary food and drinks |
| What is the purpose of chemical digestion? | Breaking larger insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed |
| What does amylase do? | Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starch down into simple sugars |
| Describe the digestion of starch in the alimentary canal | Amylase is secreted and breaks starch down into maltose in the alimentary canal - Maltase breaks maltose down on the membranes of the small intestine |
| What does protease do? | Protease is a digestive enzyme that breaks proteins down into amino acids |
| What does lipase do? | Lipase is a digestive enzyme that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol |
| Give 2 places in the alimentary canal that amylase is secreted | The pancreas - The salivary glands in the mouth |
| Give 2 places in the alimentary canal that protease is secreted | The pancreas - The stomach |
| Where in the alimentary canal is lipase secreted? | The pancreas |
| Give 2 examples of protease enzymes | Pepsin and trypsin |
| Where is trypsin secreted from? | The small intestine |
| Where is pepsin secreted from? | The stomach |
| What are the functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice? | Killing bacteria - Gives the appropriate (acidic) pH for enzymes to work |
| Explain the functions of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice | Low (acidic) pH kills bacteria by denaturing the enzymes inside them - Low pH is the optimum pH for pepsin |
| What does bile do? | Bile neutralises the stomach acid and provides alkaline conditions for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine - Bile also emulsifies fats which increases their surface area for chemical digestion |
| In which part of the alimentary canal is digested food absorbed? | The small intestine |
| What is the purpose of villi in the small intestine? | Villi increase the surface area for absorption |
| Describe the structure of a villus | Central lacteal used for transporting fatty acids and glycerol in the lymph fluid - Lots of capillaries to absorb nutrients into the blood - Thin wall to minimise the diffusion distance |
| State 2 parts of the alimentary canal where water is absorbed | The small intestine (most water absorbed here) - The colon |
Created by:
Deepti Vimal
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