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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary - Catiis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction (3.1) | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. |
| Enzyme (3.1) | A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. |
| Enzyme-mediated (3.1) | In an enzyme-mediated reaction, an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. |
| Substrate (3.1) | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
| Activation Energy (3.2) | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. |
| Catalysis (3.2) | The process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst. |
| Catalysts (3.2) | Chemical agents that selectively increase the rate of reactions without being consumed by the reaction. |
| Competitive Inhibition (3.3) | The interruption of a chemical pathway owing to one chemical substance inhibiting the effect of another by competing with it for binding or bonding (attaches to active site). |
| Denaturation (3.3) | In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition (3.3) | A type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate. |
| pH (3.3) | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0-14. |
| Cyanobacteria (3.5) | Also called blue-green algae; microscopic organisms found naturally in all types of water. |
| NADPH/NADP+ (3.5) | NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite and a cofactor. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) (3.6) | Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. |
| Aerobic (3.6) | Of, pertaining to, having, or requiring the presence of air or free oxygen. |
| Anaerobic (3.6) | Used to describe an organism, a cell, a process or a mechanism that can function without air. |
| Cellular Respiration (3.6) | The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP. |
| Coenzyme (3.6) | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions. |
| Cytosol (3.6) | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
| Electrochemical Gradient (3.6) | The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force). |
| Electron (3.6) | A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. |
| Electron Acceptor (3.6) | A chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. |
| Electron Carrier (3.6) | Molecules that are capable of accepting one/two electrons from one molecule, and donating it to another through electron transport. As energy is released, these molecules' energy level decreases. |
| Endothermic (3.6) | Referring to organisms that are warmed by head generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment. |
| Fermentation (3.6) | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
| Glycolysis (3.6) | A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration. |
| Inorganic Chemistry (3.6) | A chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds/carbon at all. |
| Lactic Acid (3.6) | A chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration. |
| NADH/NAD+ (3.6) | NADH: a cofactor central to metabolism; consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. NAD+: A coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier. |
| Organic Chemistry (3.6) | The study of carbon compounds. |
| Oxidation (3.6) | The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation (3.6) | The production of ATP using energy derive from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration. |
| Photophosphorylation (3.6) | The process of generative ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Proton (3.6) | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Pyruvate (3.6) | An important chemical compound that is the output of the metabolism (breaking down)of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate. |
| Stimuli (3.6) | A thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue. |
Created by:
e.catiis
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