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Pharmacology
UWORLD Round 1 2021 Part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Coadministration of which diuretics enhance or potentiate loop diuretic effects? | Thiazide diuretics |
| How do thiazide diuretics potentiate effects of Loop diuretic? | Blocking the reabsorption of the increased distal tubular sodium delivery caused by loop diuretics |
| Which Thiazide diuretic has the greatest effect on potentiating loop diuretic effects when taken together? | Metolazone |
| What type of diuretic is Metolazone? | Thiazide diuretic |
| Which diuretics have the greatest impact on sodium and K+ serum decreasings? | Loop diuretic |
| What is the effect on blood pressure caused by alpha-adrenergic agonists? | Increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure |
| Which alpha receptor, a-1 or a-2, is most significant in causing an increase in blood pressure with a pure alpha-adrenergic agonist? | Alpha-1 |
| What is the result of the blood pressure elvaton caused by alpha-adrenergic agonists? | Reflexible increase in vagal tone, resulting in a decrease in heart rate and slowed AV node conduction |
| What is caused by increasing vagal tone? | 1. Decrease in heart rate 2. Slowed AV node conduction |
| What is the effect of beta-blockers on AV conduction? | Decreased AV nodal conduction leading to an increased AV nodal refractory period |
| How is an increased AV nodal refractory period expressed in the ECG tracings? | PR interval prolongation |
| What effect on pacemaker AP causes a PR interval prolongation? | Increase in AV nodal refractory period |
| What is the main effect of Fibrates? | Lower Triglyceride level |
| What are the mechanism of action of Fibrates? | 1. Activate PPAR-alpha which leads to decreased hepatic VLDL production 2. Increased Lipoprotein Lipase activity |
| Is Lipoprotein lipase activity increased, decreased, or unaffected by Fibrates? | Increased |
| What type of cholesterol production is inhibited by Fibrates? | Hepatic VLDL |
| Which hyperlipidemia medication is known to decrease hepatic VLDL production and increase Lipoprotein lipase activity? | Fibrates |
| What is Androgenic alopecia? | Hair loss permanently, especially at the anterior scalp and vertex |
| What is the inheritance of Androgenic alopecia? | Polygenic inheritance |
| What is the primary factor for development of Androgenic alopecia? | DHT |
| What type of drugs are used for Androgenic Alopecia? | 5-alpha reductase inhibitors |
| What is MOA of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors? | Decreased conversion of testosterone to DHT |
| What condition is often treated with Minoxidil? | Androgenic alopecia |
| Treatment options for male baldness: | 1. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors 2. Minoxidil |
| What condition is treated with Thioamides? | Hyperthyroidism |
| What are two common Thioamides? | PTU and Methimazole |
| How do Thioamides work in treating hyperthyroidism? | Decrease the formation of thyroid hormone (TH) via inhibition of THYROID PEROXIDASE, leading to inhibition of iodine organification and coupling of Iodotyrosine |
| What enzyme is inhibited by PTU and Methimazole? | Thyroid peroxidase |
| Thyroid peroxidase is inhibited by which type of medications? | Thioamides |
| What is the result of inhibition of Thyroid peroxidase by Thioamides? | 1. No Iodine organification 2. No coupling of iodotyrosine |
| What is an added action of PTU that is not produced by Methimazole? | PTU decresases the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 |
| Which Thioamide is known to decrease peripheral conversion of T4 to T3? | PTU |
| What is Galactorrhea? | Abnormal secretion of breast milk not associated with pregnancy or breastfeeding |
| What is the MCC of Galactorrhea? | Excess prolactin due to a Prolactinoma |
| What type of medication is often used to treat abnormal galactorrhea? | Dopamine agonists |
| Hyperprolactinemia is treated with: | Dopamine agonists |
| What are some long-acting insulin analogs? | Detemir, Glargine, and degludec |
| What are some Rapid-acting insulins? | Aspart, Lispro, and Glulisine |
| Features of Rapid-acting insulins? | - Quickly absorbed at injection site - Given at mealtimes to replicate postprandial insulin secretion |
| What type of inulin analog is known to mimic basal insulin levels? | Long-acting insulin |
| What type of insulin analogs are known to replicate postprandial insulin secretion? | Rapid-acting insulin |
| Aspart is a rapid acting or long-acting insulin? | Rapid-acting insulin |
| Detemir is a rapid-acting or long acting insulin? | Long-acting insulin |
| Lispro and Glulisine are both rapid or long-acting insulins analogs? | Rapid-actin insulin |
| Glargine is a ___________ insulin | Long-acting insulin |
| How many times a day are long-acting insulin analogs given to patient? | Once a day |
| Insulin type ath has an extended duration of action without a noticeable peak in activity, and typically given once a day. | Long-acting insulin |
| What is a possible consequence of chronic or recurrent use of glucocorticoids? | Loss of bone density leading to Osteoporosis |
| How do glucocorticoids affect the histology of bones? | Inhibit replication and differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells, increase osteoclast activity, and promote intestinal and renal calcium wasting |
| On which type of bone cells does glucocorticoids have direct effect? | Osteoblast precursor cells |
| Do glucocorticoids increase or decrease osteoclast activity? | Increase |
Created by:
rakomi
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