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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. |
| Enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, which increases reaction rates. |
| Enzyme-mediated | A reaction in which an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. |
| Substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
| Activation Energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. |
| Catalysis | The process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a catalyst |
| Catalysts | A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| Competitive Inhibition | A substance that reduces the activty of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics. |
| Denaturation | In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of the weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive. Occurs under extreme conditions of pH, temperature, or salt concentration. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product. |
| pH | The measure of hydrogen ion concetration that ranges from 0 to 14, or acidic to basic. |
| Cyanobacteria | Blue-green algae, are microscopic organisms found naturally in all types of water. They uses sunlight to make their own food. |
| NADPH/NAPD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | An important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells |
| Aerobic | Requiring free oxygen |
| Anaerobic | Not requiring free oxygen |
| Cellular Respiration | The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for ATP production. |
| Coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. |
| Cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
| Electrochemical Gradient | The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential. |
| Electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and mass about 1/2,000 that of a proton or neutron. |
| Electron Acceptor | A chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. |
| Electron Carrier | Any of various molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport. |
| Endothermic | Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a stable body temperature higher than the external environment. |
| Fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an ETC and that produces a characteristic end product ( ethyl alcohol or lactic acid). |
| Glycolysis | A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. It occurs in all living cells and serves as the starting point for cellular respiration or fermentation. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | The study of chemical compounds that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds. |
| Lactic Acid | A chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration. |
| NADH/NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen, a coenzyme that acts as an electron carrier. |
| Organic Chemistry | The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds). |
| Oxidation | The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. |
| Photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge found in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Pyruvate | Produced by glycolysis in the cytoplasm, half of glucose. |
| Stimuli | A fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response. |
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AmericaC
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