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Unit 3 - Islas
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | a process that changes or transforms one type of chemical into another. |
| Enzyme | a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. |
| Substrate | a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. |
| Activation Energy | the amount of energy required to reach the transition state. |
| Catalysis | the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance |
| Competitive Inhibition | when molecules very similar to the substrate molecules bind to the active site and prevent binding of the actual substrate. |
| Denaturation | the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds), within a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly ordered structure of the protein in its natural (native) state. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | a type of allosteric regulation, is a specific type of enzyme inhibition characterized by an inhibitor binding to an allosteric site resulting in decreased efficacy of the enzyme. |
| pH | quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. |
| Cyanobacteria | a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. |
| NADPH/NADP+ | a cofactor, used to donate electrons and a hydrogens to reactions catalyzed by some enzymes./a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. |
| Aerobic | the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy. |
| Anaerobic | any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. |
| Cellular Respiration | the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. |
| Coenzyme | A substance that enhances the action of an enzyme. |
| Cytosol | the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. |
| Electrochemical Gradient | consists of two parts, the chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane, and the electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane. |
| Electron | a stable atomic particle that has a negative charge, the flow of electrons through a substance constitutes electricity. |
| Electron Acceptor | a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. |
| Electron Carrier | small organic molecules that play key roles in cellular respiration. Their name is a good description of their job: they pick up electrons from one molecule and drop them off with another. |
| Endothermic | those that maintain a constant body temperature independent of the environment. |
| Fermentation | an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available. |
| Glycolysis | the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | the study of the chemistry of materials from non-biological origins. |
| Lactic Acid | a waste product of anaerobic respiration. |
| NADH/ NAD+ | the abbreviation for the naturally occurring biological substance, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride./ a molecule formed from vitamin B3 and ATP that acts as a carrier molecule for electrons and hydrogen. |
| Organic Chemistry | the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition contain carbon. |
| Oxidation | an energy-producing reaction in living cells, and it is coupled with a reduction reaction |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers. |
| Photophosphorylation | the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII. |
| Proton | a positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (the core of the atom) of an atom and has a mass of 1 and a charge of + |
| Pyruvate | an important chemical compound in biochemistry. |
| Stimuli | a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. |
Created by:
giselleislas07
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