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Unit 3

AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary- Salviejo-Camacho

TermDefinition
Chemical Reaction The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter.
Enzyme A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.
Enzyme-mediated In an enzyme-mediated reaction, an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme.
Substrate The reactant on which an enzyme works.
Activation Energy The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation.
Catalysis the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst.
Catalyst A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Competitive Inhibition (inhibitor) a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics.
Denaturation In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bounds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix.
Noncompetitive Inhibition (inhibitor) A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product.
pH A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.
Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are microscopic organisms found naturally in all types of water. These single-celled organisms live in fresh, brackish (combined salt and fresh water), and marine water.
NADPH/NADP+ NADPH is an energy molecule /Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine diphosphate, also known as adenosine pyrophosphate, is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells.
Aerobic Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy.
Anaerobic An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present.
Cellular Respiration The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.
Coenzyme An organic molecule serving as cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.
Cytosol The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Electrochemical Gradient The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane while pumping ions.
Electron A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.
Electron Acceptor An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process.
Electron Carrier They accept electrons and move them as part of the electron transport chain, transferring the electron, and the energy it represents, to power the cell. Electron carriers are vital parts of cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Endothermic Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment.
Fermentation A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristics end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Glycolysis A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyrucate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.
Inorganic Chemistry Inorganic chemistry is the study of the production of chemical compounds that do not require a carbon-hydrogen bond, reactions, and properties. Inorganic compounds can be classified as oxides, acids , bases, salts and.
Lactic Acid (fermentation) Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide.
NADH/NAD+ Difference is there aren't equal amounts of NAD+ to NADH/ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.
Organic Chemistry The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds)
Oxidation The complete or partial loss of electrons form a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Oxidative Phosphorylation The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.
Photophosphorylation The synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis.
Proton A subatomic particle with a single positive elctrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 10 ^-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom.
Pyruvate It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways.
Stimuli In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment.
Created by: kaliamae
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