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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. |
| Enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. |
| Enzyme-mediated | an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. |
| Substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works |
| Activation Energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. |
| Catalysis | The acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst. |
| Catalysts | A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| Competitive Inhibition | A competitive inbitition mimics the substrate, competing for the active site. |
| Denaturation | A process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | Binds to the enzyme away from the active site, altering the shape of the enzyme so that even if the substrate can bind, the active site functions less effectively. |
| pH | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. |
| Cyanobacteria | Blue-green algae, are microscopic organisms found naturally in all types of water. These single-celled organisms live in fresh, brackish (combined salt and fresh water), and marine water. These organisms use sunlight to make their own food |
| NADPH/NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADP, termporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | An important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. |
| Aerobic | A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen (O2) as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. |
| Anaerobic | A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains. |
| Cellular Respiration | The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP. |
| Coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions. |
| Cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
| Electrochemical Gradient | The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force). |
| Electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. |
| Electron Acceptor | Chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. |
| Electron Carrier | Small organic molecules that play key roles in cellular respiration. They pick up electrons from one molecule and drop them off with another. |
| Endothermic | Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment. |
| Fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
| Glycolysis | A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | The branch of chemistry that deals with inorganic compounds. |
| Lactic Acid | A waste product of anaerobic respiration. |
| NADH/NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier. |
| Organic Chemistry | The study of carbon compounds. |
| Oxidation | The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration. |
| Photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Proton | A substance particle with a single positive electrical charge. |
| Pyruvate | It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. |
| Stimuli | A detectable change in the internal or external environment. |
Created by:
Kendra R.
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