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Lab Practical 1
Articulations, pH, Blood, Heart
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| How many ways can bones move? | 3 ways |
| Movement: Move the point | Move the point past the bone on a flat (planar) surface |
| Movement: Change the angle | Change angle in relation to another bone. Can be as a single movement like flexion or a complex movement like circumduction |
| Movement: Rotate the shaft | Rotate shaft while keeping the point in one place |
| Articular Motion | Gliding movement, rotation, and special movement |
| Angular Movement OVERVIEW | Opening or closing an angle, 20-180 degrees |
| Angular Movement (6) | Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction |
| Rotation OVERVIEW | Turning a bone inwards or outwards |
| Rotation (4) | External (lateral) rotation, Internal (medial) rotation, Pronation, Supination |
| Special Movements OVERVIEW | Related to particular joints, like the thumb |
| Special Movements (11) | Inversion, Eversion, Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Opposition, Reposition, Protraction, Retraction, Elevation, Depression, Lateral flexion |
| Axes of Motion | 4 |
| Monoaxial | Movement around 1 axis |
| Biaxial | Movement around 2 axes |
| Triaxial | Movement around 3 axes |
| Multiaxial/Nonaxial | Movement in any direction |
| Synovial Joint Classifications (6) | Gliding, Hinge, Condylar, Ball and Socket, Saddle, Pivot |
| Gliding Joint Axes | Multiaxial/Nonaxial |
| Gliding Joint EXAMPLES (4) | Sacroiliac joint, Intercarpal joints, Vertebrocostal joints (rib to vertebrae), Acromioclavicular joint + Sternoclavicular joint |
| Sacroiliac Joint | Gliding joint |
| Intercarpal (wrist bones) Joints | Gliding joint |
| Vertebrocostal Joints | Gliding joint, rib to vertebrae |
| Acromioclavicular Joint + Sternoclavicular Joint | Gliding joint |
| Hinge Joint Axes | Monoaxial, angular movement |
| Hinge Joint EXAMPLES (4) | Elbow joint, Knee joint, Ankle joint, Interphalangeal joints (fingers and toes) |
| Elbow Joint | Hinge joint |
| Knee Joint | Hinge joint |
| Ankle Joint | Hinge joint |
| Interphalangeal Joints | Hinge joint, fingers and toes |
| Condylar Joint Axes | Biaxial, angular movement |
| Condylar Joint EXAMPLES (3) | Radiocarpal joint of wrist, Metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5 (knuckles), Metatarsophalangeal joints 2-5 (toe to foot) |
| Radiocarpal Joint of Wrist | Condylar joint |
| Metacarpophalangeal Joints | Condylar joint, 2-5, knuckles |
| Metatarsophalangeal Joints | Condylar joint, 2-5, toe to foot |
| Ball and Socket AXES | Triaxial |
| Ball and Socket EXAMPLES (2) | Shoulder joint, Hip joint |
| Shoulder Joint | Ball and socket joint |
| Hip Joint | Ball and socket joint |
| Saddle Joint AXES | Biaxial movement |
| Saddle Joint EXAMPLES (2) | Carpometacarpal joint (thumb), Sternoclavicular joint |
| Carpometacarpal Joint | Saddle joint, thumb, CMC |
| Sternoclavicular Joint | Saddle joint |
| Pivot Joint AXES | Uniaxial movement |
| Pivot Joint EXAMPLES (2) | Atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2), Proximal radioulnar joint of elbow |
| Atlantoaxial Joint (C1-C2) | Pivot joint |
| Proximal Radioulnar Joint | Pivot joint, joint of elbow |
| A joint CANNOT be both... | Mobile and strong |
| Gliding Surfaces | 2 surfaces slide past each other... carpal, tarsal, or facet joints |
| Angular Movement (ANT) | Based on reference to individual in anatomical position, as in elbow or knee |
| Circumduction | To make an "O" with a fixed point, shoulder or hip circle |
| Rotation | To spin medially or laterally in place from a fixed point... head, shoulder, or hip |
| Flexion | Anterior-posterior plane, reduces angle between elements |
| Extension | Anterior-posterior plane, increases angle between elements |
| Hyperextension | Extension past anatomical position |
| Abduction | Frontal plane, moves away from longitudinal axis away from body center |
| Adduction | Frontal plane, moves toward longitudinal axis, toward body center |
| Circumduction CONTD | Circular motion without rotation, seamless 360 |
| Internal Rotation | Medial, rotates towards axis |
| External rotation | Lateral, rotates away from axis |
| Pronation | From anatomical position, palms face posterior |
| Supination | Forearm in anatomical position, palm faces anterior |
| Inversion SM | Face sole of foot inward |
| Eversion SM | Face sole of foot outward |
| Dorsiflexion SM | Flexion at ankle, lifting toes to ceiling |
| Plantar Flexion SM | Extension at ankle, pointing toes to floor |
| Opposition SM | Thumb movement towards fingers or palm, grasping |
| Reposition SM | Opposite of opposition, to repose (relax) thumb |
| Protraction SM | Moves anteriorly in the horizontal plane (push forward) |
| Retraction SM | Opposite of protraction, moving posteriorly (pulling back) |
| Elevation SM | Moves in superior direction (up) |
| Depression SM | Moves in inferior direction (down) |
| Lateral Flexion SM | Bends vertebral column from side to side |
| Hydrogen Ions (H+) lose an E- when.... | They join a chemical bond or jump into a chemical (lose an electron) |
| Protons | Hydrogen ions |
| Excess H+ | BREAKS bonds that are disruptive to cell functions, changes shapes of complex molecules like proteins because of broken bonds |
| Concentration of H+ | Must be tightly regulated and very precise, example: blood |
| Dissociation of Water and Logarithmic Scale | Some water molecules dissociate when reacting to few hydrogen ions always present in water. Cations and anions are released in reversible rxn |
| Dissociation of Water and Logarithmic Scale FORMULA | H2O <-----> OH- + H+ |
| pH | Measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| Inverse Relationship | Inverse relationship between pH and H+ ions |
| pH decreases as... | H+ increases |
| pH increases as... | H+ decreases |
| pH scale | 0-14 |
| Acidic | Below 7, 0-6.9 |
| Neutral | 7 |
| Base | Above 7, 7.1-14 |
| pH of Human Blood | 7.35-7.45 |
| Acids CONTD | Proton donor, adds H+ ions |
| Base CONTD | Proton acceptor, removes H+ ions from a solution |
| Weak Acids & Weak Bases | Do not dissociate completely, function as buffers to balance pH |
| Salt in Solution | Dissociate into cations and anions in solution as NEUTRAL solutes, sodium and chloride MC |
| Buffers in Solution | Stabilize pH by removing or replacing H+ |
| Buffer Systems | Weak acids or salts that neutralize strong acids and bases, prevents drastic pH changes |
| 4 Major Buffer Systems | Phosphate, Protein, Hemoglobin, Carbonic Acid-Biocarbonate buffer sustem |
| Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System in Body | MC in body... blood, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system |
| Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System Formula | CO2 + H2O <----> H2CO3 <----> HCO3 + H+ |
| Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System | Excess CO2 in blood leads to carbonic acid which is carried through the lungs to be exhaled , combines with excess hydrogen ions |
| Hemoglobin Buffer System | Hemoglobin can bind H+ ions created from carbonic acid and prevent decreases in blood pH |
| ROY G BIV | ROY- acid G- neutral BIV- base |
| Methyl Orange | Acid indicator |
| Brom Thymol Blue | Acidic indicator |
| Phenolpthalein (PTH) | Basic indicator, turns hot pink when mixed with base |
| Why is the universal pH indicator better than the other pH indicators? | Works with the whole pH scale instead of just acids or bases |
| Blood | Fluid connective tissue, suspended in a fluid matrix |
| 5 Functions of Blood | Regulating, Restricting, Defending, Stabilizing, Transporting |
| Blood Function TRANSPORTING | Transports dissolved gasses, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes |
| Blood Function REGULATING | Regulates pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids |
| Blood Function RESTRICTING | Restricts fluid loss at injury sites (platelets) |
| Blood Function DEFENDING | Defends against toxins and pathogens (leukocytes) |
| Blood Function STABILIZING | Stabilizing body temperature |
| Blood Temperature | 100.4 F, 38 C |
| Blood pH | pH 7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline |
| Blood Viscosity | High viscosity |
| Blood Volume | 7% of body weight |
| Whole Blood | Plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%) |
| Plasma | 55%, fluid, 90% water |
| Formed Elements | 45%, Buffy coat of WBC's, platelets...99.9% RBC's |
| Fractionation | Process of separating whole blood into plasma and formed elements |
| Blood Types | Determined by presence of specific proteins on the surface of erythrocytes |
| Surface Antigens | Proteins on the surface of erythrocytes, help immune system distinguish between normal and abnormal cells |
| 3 Surface Antigens | A, B, Rh |
| Surface Antigens (agglutinogens) | RBC surface proteins. normal cells ignored, foreign cells attacked |
| Antibody (agglutinin) | Protein in the blood plasma against the antigen of the other blood types |
| Clumping (agglutination) | Large clumps of antigen-antibody molecules that destroys the recipients RBC's (hemolysis) |
| Type A | Surface antigen A, antibody B |
| Type B | Surface antigen B, antibody A |
| Type AB | Surface A and B antigen, no antibodies |
| Type O | No antigens |
| Cross-Match Testing | Reveals cross-reactions between donor's RBC's and recipients plasma |
| O- | Universal donor |
| AB+ | Universal acceptor |
| Cross Reaction/Transfusion Reaction | May occur in transfusion if types are not compatible, plasma antibody meets surface antigen enemy and attacks, agglutinate and hemolyze recipients RBC |
| Rh Antigen | In addition of the four blood types, people can be either + or - |
| Rhesus factor | 85% of people are Rh +, blood does not normally contain anti-Rh antibodies |
| 2 Ways Rh Antibodies Are Developed | 1. Rh negative person receives Rh positive blood during transfusion 2. Rh negative mom has Rh positive baby with Rh positive father |
| Transfusion Route (1) | Rh neg person gets Rh pos blood and creates anti-Rh antibodies. If next transfusion is Rh pos again, the anti-Rh antibodies will attack blood from second donor. Agglutination occurs |
| Mother to Fetus Route (2) | Rh neg mother has Rh pos child with Rh pos father. Mother and fetus's blood mix during labor or miscarriage, mom's body creates anti-Rh antigens. If mothers second child is Rh pos, mom's antigens can attack fetus and cause agglutination |
| Erythoblastosis Fetalis | Hemolytic anemia. Mother's anti-Rh antigens attack Rh pos fetus |
| Left Atrium (7) | Left upper side of heart, orange, collects blood from pulmonary circuit |
| Right Atrium (1) | Right upper side of heart, blue, collects blood from systemic circuit |
| Left Auricle (51) | On left atrium, shaped like an ear, orange |
| Right Auricle (2) | On right atrium, shaped like an ear, blue |
| Left Ventricle (6) | Larger chamber on low left side, pumps blood to the aorta, pumps blood to systemic circuit |
| Right Ventricle (4) | Larger chamber on low right side, pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary artery, pumps blood to pulmonary circuit |
| Interarterial Septum | The wall separating the atria, open when in womb |
| Interventricular Septum | The wall separating the ventricles |
| Ascending Aorta (11) | Aorta going up towards aortic arch, red |
| Aortic Arch (12) | Highest point of aorta, red |
| Descending Thoracic Aorta (19) | Behind the heart, descending, red |
| Pulmonary Trunk (9) | Trunk on heart, blue |
| Superior Vena Cava (16) | Brings blood into the right atrium |
| Inferior Vena Cava (26) | Carries deoxygenated blood into right atrium, blood |
| Left Pulmonary Veins (8) | Drains blood from lungs into left atrium |
| Right Pulmonary Veins (8) | Drains blood from lungs into left atrium |
| Left Pulmonary Artery (10b) | Sends blood to the lungs, blue |
| Right Pulmonary Artery (10a) | Sends blood to the lungs, blue |
| Atrioventricular Sulcus with Coronary Blood Vessels (29) | Under left auricle, left side of heart |
| Anterior Interventricular Sulcus with Coronary Blood Vessels (50) | Veins and arteries in center of heart, on interventricular septum |
| Posterior Interventricular Sulcus with Coronary Blood Vessels (60) | On posterior of heart, below coronary sinus |
| Bicuspid valve (41) | Valve connecting the left atrium and ventricle, 2 leaflets, prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atria |
| Tricuspid Valve (35) | Valve connecting the right atrium and ventricle, 3 leaflets, prevents backflow from right ventricle to right atria |
| Aortic Semilunar Valve (45) | Not visible from front view, prevents backflow from aorta to left ventricle |
| Pulmonary Semilunar Valve (37) | Connects right ventricle to pulmonary trunk, prevents backflow |
| Myocardium | Thick muscle in left ventricle, needs to be thicker to pump blood throughout whole body |
| Chordae Tendineae | White fibers attached to valves and papillary muscles |
| Trabeculae Carneae | Lining the ventricles, in right ventricle, thinner than myocardium |
| Papillary Muscle (40/42/62) | Connects chordae tendineae to lining of ventricles |
| Coronary Sinus (27) | Drains deoxygenated blood from myocardium |
| LUB Sounds | Closure of the atrioventricular valves, S1 |
| DUB Sounds | Closure of the semilunar valves, S2 |
Created by:
marinagrace
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