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Unit 3

AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary - Castillo

TermDefinition
Chemical Reaction The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter.
Enzyme A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.
Enzyme-mediated In an enzyme-mediated reaction, an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme.
Substrate The reactant on which an enzyme works.
Activation Energy The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation.
Catalysis The process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process. Substances that can accomplish this remarkable this remarkable feat are termed catalysts and are of immense importance in chem and bio.
Catalysts A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Competitive Inhibitor A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics.
Denaturation In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the 2 strands of the double helix.
Noncompetitive Inhibitor A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product.
pH A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.
Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria is a phylum comprised of photosynthetic bacteria that live in aquatic habitats and moist soils. They are found to play a role in producing gaseous oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis.
NADPH/NADP+ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) ADP is a nucleotide made up of adenine, ribose, and 2 phosphate units; the product of ATP de-phosphorylation via ATPases to release energy
Aerobic Respiration A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway.
Anaerobic Respiration A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains.
Cellular Respiration The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.
Coenzyme An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.
Cytosol The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
Electrochemical Gradient The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).
Electron A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.
Electron Acceptor A molecule that receives or accepts electrons from another molecule during a redox reaction. An electron acceptor is an oxidizing agent and is itself reduced during the process of redox reaction
Electron Carrier A molecule capable of accepting one or more electrons from another molecule and hen ferry these electrons to donate to another during the process of electron transport. NAD+ is an example of electron carrier.
Endothermic Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment.
Fermentation A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Glycolysis A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.
Inorganic Chemistry A branch of chemistry concerned with substances that contain little or no carbon
Lactic Acid Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide.
NADH/NAD+ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.
Organic Chemistry The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).
Oxidation The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Oxidative Phosphorylation The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.
Photophosphorylation The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Proton A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 10-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom.
Pyruvate Pyruvate is commonly seen as one of the last products of glycolysis where a couple of it molecules can be produced by the relative breakdown of a single glucose molecule.
Stimuli In feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response.
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