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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary- Dominguez
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | The making and breaking if chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. |
| Enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| Enzyme-mediated | When an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. |
| Substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
| Activation Energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. |
| Catalysis | The process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process. |
| Catalyst | A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| Competitive Inhibition | When a substance reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering its active site. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | When a substance reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site. |
| Denaturation | In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions. |
| pH | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. |
| Cyanobacteria | A division of microorganisms that are related to bacteria, but are capable of photosynthesis. |
| NADPH/NADP+ | An electron acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during light reactions. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. |
| Aerobic | A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. |
| Anaerobic | A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the "down hill" end of electron transport chains. |
| Cellular Respiration | The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP. |
| Coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. |
| Cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
| Electrochemical Gradient | The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential. |
| Electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. |
| Electron Acceptor | A chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. |
| Electron Carrier | Any of various molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport. |
| Endothermic | Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. |
| Fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product. |
| Glycolysis | A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration. |
| Inorganic Chemistry | The branch of chemistry which deals with inorganic compounds. |
| Lactic Acid | The waste product produced during anaerobic respiration. |
| NADH/NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily being oxidized NAD+ and reduced NADH states, thus acting as an electron carrier. |
| Organic Chemistry | The study of carbon compounds. |
| Oxidation | The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration. |
| Photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge found in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Pyruvate | The end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available. |
| Stimuli | In feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response. |
Created by:
JonathanDD
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