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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary - Cyran
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
| Golgi Complex | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates. |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
| Membrane-Bound | Organelles surrounded by a plasma membrane to keep their internal fluids separate from the cytoplasm of the rest of the cell. They are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer and allows organelles to have a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the cite of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
| Organelles | Several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesis | Complex of many membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | Chemical cycle w/ 8 steps that completes metabolic glucose molecule breakdown begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (from pyruvate) to CO2; occurs in mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells & cytosol of prokaryotes; together w/ pyruvate oxidation. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| Grana | A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Intracellular Transport | The movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. Intracellular transport is required for maintaining homeostasis within the cell by responding to physiological signals. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | First of 2 major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin Cycle). These reactions, which occur on thylakoid membranes of chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes) convert solar energy to chemical energy of ATP & NADPH, releasing oxygen. |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. |
| Photosystems | Light capturing units found in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast or in membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. Two types, I & II; absorb light best at different wavelengths. |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis. |
| Membrane Exchange | An ion-exchange membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that transports certain dissolved ions, while blocking other ions or neutral molecules; electrically conductive. often used in desalination & chemical recovery applications. |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | Amount of surface area per unit volume of a cell. SA to volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets larger. If the cell grows beyond a certain limit, not enough material will cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased cellular volume. |
| Aqueous | A solution in which water is the solvent. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbphydrates. |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
| Cell Wall | Protective layer external to plasma membrane in plant cells, prokaryotes, fungi, & some protists. Polysaccharides like cellulose (in plants & some protists), chitin (fungi), & peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components in cell walls. |
| Channel Protein | A type of transport protein that acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly. |
| Selective Permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them. |
| Transport Protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely relate substances to cross the membrane. |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy. |
| Concentration Gradient | A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. |
| Passive Transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy. |
| Vesicle | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | Mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure. |
| Ion | An atoms or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
| Polarization | Polarization is existence of opposite electrical charges that are different inside a cell & outside of the cell. Cell polarity -> spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell; enables them to carry out specialized functions. |
| ATPase Enzyme | Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). They harness the energy released from the breakdown of the phosphate bond and utilize it to perform other cellular reactions. |
| Homeostasis | The steady-state physiological condition of the body. |
| Hypertonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water. |
| Hypotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. |
| Isotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell. |
| Osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water. |
| Water Potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. |
| Compartmentalization | The way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | Cell type with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. |
| Intracellular | Located, communication, or overall occurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism. |
| Prokaryotic | A cell type lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. |
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