Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary - Maldonado
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter |
| Enzyme | A macromolecule, most often proteins, serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| Enzyme-mediated | In a reaction, an enzyme binds to reactants to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme |
| Substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works |
| Activation Energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation |
| Catalysis | A modification and especially increase in the rate of chemical reaction induced by material unchanged chemically at the end of the reaction |
| Catalysts | A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| Competitive Inhibition | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics |
| Denaturation | In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions; thereby becoming inactive; occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperatures |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product |
| pH | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log (H+) and ranging in value from 0 to 14 |
| Cyanobacteria | Are a phylum of prokaryotes consisting of both free-living photosynthetic bacteria and endosymbiotic plastids that are present in the Archaeplastida |
| NADPH/NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as another form, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | Is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells |
| Aerobic | Means "with air" and so needs oxygen; respiration releases energy in cells by breaking down food substances whilst in the presence of oxygen |
| Anaerobic | Living in the absence of air or free oxygen; pertaining to or caused by the absence of oxygen |
| Cellular Respiration | The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP |
| Coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor; most vitamins function as this in metabolic reactions |
| Cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| Electrochemical Gradient | The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force) |
| Electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton; one or more of them move around the nucleus of an atom |
| Electron Acceptor | Is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound; it is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process |
| Electron Carrier | Any of various molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport |
| Endothermic | Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism; this heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment |
| Fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules)without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic and product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid |
| Glycolysis | A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate; occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration |
| Inorganic Chemistry | A study of the chemistry of materials from non-biological origins |
| Lactic Acid | A chemical byproduct of anaerobic respiration |
| NADH/NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized and reduced states, thus acting as an electron carrier |
| Organic Chemistry | The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds) |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration |
| Oxidation | The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| Photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| Proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electric charge, found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Pyruvate | An important chemical compound in biochemistry; it is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis |
| Stimuli | In feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response |
Created by:
1019695
Popular Biology sets