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Unit 3
AP Biology Unit 3 Vocabulary- Hunter
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Reaction | A process that changes or transforms one type of chemical into another. The key idea is that the bonds connecting atoms are changed. |
| Enzyme | Proteins that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism. |
| Enzyme-mediated | When an enzyme binds to reactants (substrates) to form an enzyme-substrate complex, which breaks down to release products and the enzyme. |
| Substrate | The surface on which an organism grows or is attached. |
| Activation Energy | The amount of energy required to reach the transition state. |
| Catalysis | The process by which a substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process. |
| Catalysts | A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not consumed by the reaction |
| Competitive Inhibition | Occurs when molecules very similar to the substrate molecules bind to the active site and prevent binding of the actual substrate. |
| Denaturation | A process in which a molecular structure deviates from its original state when exposed to a denaturing agent |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | A specific type of enzyme inhibition characterized by an inhibitor binding to an allosteric site resulting in decreased efficacy of the enzyme. |
| pH | Quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. |
| Cyanobacteria | A phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. |
| NADPH/NADP+ | A cofactor that is used to donate electrons and a hydrogen to reactions catalyzed by some enzymes. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | A nucleoside phosphate comprised of a ribonucleoside and two phosphate groups. |
| Aerobic | A process refers to a process that requires the presence of oxygen or air as opposed to an anaerobic process that does not require it. |
| Anaerobic | An organism or tissue living in the absence of air or free oxygen. |
| Cellular Respiration | The process of cell catabolism in which cells turn food into usable energy in the form of ATP. |
| Coenzyme | An organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. |
| Cytosol | The fluid in which organelles of the cell reside. |
| Electrochemical Gradient | A gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. |
| Electron | A stable atomic particle that has a negative charge, the flow of electrons through a substance constitutes electricity. |
| Electron Acceptor | An oxidizing agent and is itself reduced during the process of redox reaction. |
| Electron Carrier | A molecule capable of accepting one (or more than one) electrons from another molecule (electron donor), and then ferry these electrons to donate to another during the process of electron transport. |
| Endothermic | A chemical reaction that is accompanied by the absorption of heat, or an organism that generates heat to maintain its temperature. |
| Fermentation | An anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available. |
| Glycolysis | The process in which one glucose molecule is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid (also called pyruvate). |
| Inorganic Chemistry | The study of the chemistry of materials from non-biological origins. Typically, this refers to materials not containing carbon-hydrogen bonds, including metals, salts, and minerals. |
| Lactic Acid | A waste product of anaerobic respiration. |
| NADH/NAD+ | The most powerful antioxidant to protect cells from damage by harmful substances. |
| Organic Chemistry | The scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition contain carbon. Organic compounds are molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen, and may contain any number of other elements. |
| Oxidation | A loss of electrons as opposed to the reduction where there is a gain of electrons. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers. |
| Photophosphorylation | The synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis. |
| Proton | A positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (the core of the atom) of an atom and has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1. |
| Pyruvate | The end product of glycolysis, which is converted into acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available. |
| Stimuli | A detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. |
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