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Vocabulary #2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Wall | Rigid structure outside of the plasma membrane and is a plant the cell wall is made of cellulose |
| Plasma Membrane | A membrane enclosing cytoplasm |
| Bacterial chromosome | It carries genes in the form of DNA |
| Nucleoid | A region where the cells DNA is located |
| Cytoplasm | It contains the cell bound by the plasma membrane |
| Flagella | A locomotion organelles of some bacteria |
| Channel Proteins | Channel proteins do not change , they just provide a channel |
| Carrier Proteins | Carriers proteins change shape and hold onto the passengers as they hold shape |
| Integral proteins | Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core |
| Peripheral Proteins | They are not embedded, they are appendages |
| Membrane Potential | Membrane potential is the gradient of electrical potential energy across a cell membrane |
| Co-transport | A Co-transport is when active transport indirectly drives transport of another solute. |
| Chloroplast | A plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. |
| Golgi Complex | The Golgi complex prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell. The Golgi complex is a cell organelle |
| Lysosom | an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. |
| Membrane-Bound | flattened sheets/ sacs. -continuous from nuclear membrane to cell membrane. -move material throughout cytoplasm, store enzymes & proteins. |
| Mitochondrion | an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae). |
| Organelles | any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell. |
| Ribosome | a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. |
| Vacuole | a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate | a compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. |
| Apoptosis | the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development. |
| ATP Synthesis | ATP synthesis involves the transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix |
| Carbon Fixation | Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the process by which inorganic carbon (particularly in the form of carbon dioxide) is converted to organic compounds by living organisms |
| Chlorophyll | Chlorophyll, any member of the most important class of pigments involved in photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy through the synthesis of organic compounds. |
| Citric Acid Cycle | which is a series of reactions that takes in acetyl CoA and produces carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP or GTP. |
| Electron Transport Chain | The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane. |
| Grana | the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast. |
| Intracellular Transport | Intracellular transport is the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. Intracellular transport is required for maintaining homeostasis within the cell by responding to physiological signals. |
| Light-Dependant Reactions | The light-dependent reactions use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH |
| Photosynthesis | the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct. |
| Stroma | Stroma, is the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast. |
| Thylakoid | each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana. |
| Turgor Pressure | Turgor, Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall. |
| Membrane Exchange | |
| Plasma Membrane | a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm. |
| Surface are to volume ratio | The surface-area-to-volume ratio, also called the surface-to-volume ratio and variously denoted sa/vol or SA:V, is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects |
| Aqueous | An aqueous solution is a type of solution wherein the solvent (dissolving medium) is water. Water is considered as the universal solvent. It is because of its capability to dissolve a variety of solutes. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a tapestry of several types of molecules that are constantly moving. This movement helps the cell membrane maintain its role as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell environments. |
| Glycolipid | Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. |
| Glycoprotein | Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligonucleotide chains covalent attached to amino acid side-chains. |
| Steroid | Steroid, any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings. Steroids are important in biology, chemistry, and medicine. |
| Selective Permeability | Selective permeability of the cell membrane refers to its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others. |
| Transport Protein | A transport protein is a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism. There are several different kinds of transport proteins. |
| Active Transport | Active transport is the movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. |
| Concentration Gradient | concentration gradient is the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles. |
| Endocytosis | Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.Apr 28, 2020 |
| Exocytosis | : the release of cellular substances (such as secretory products) contained in cell vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the contents to the exterior of the cell. |
| Passive Transport | Passive transport is a naturally-occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to exert any of its energy to accomplish the movement. In passive transport, substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| Vesicle | Vesicles are tiny sacs that transport material within or outside the cell. There are several types of vesicle, including transport vesicles, secretory vesicles, and lysosomes.Jun 29, 2020 |
| ATP synthase enzyme | The ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. |
| Ion | Ion, any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges. Positively charged ions are called cations; negatively charged ions, anions. |
| Polarization | Polarization is the existence of opposite electrical charges on either side of a cell membrane |
| ATPase Enzyme | ATPases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). |
| Homeostasis | the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes. |
| Hyperotnic | having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Hypotonic | having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Isotonic | n biology, the solutions on either side of a cell membrane are isotonic if the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. |
| Osmoregulation | Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body |
| Osmosis | Osmosis is the movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solute |
| Solute | A solute is a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution. A solute can come in many forms |
| Solvent | A solvent is a molecule that has the ability to dissolve other molecules, known as solutes. A solvent can be solid, liquid or gas |
| Tonicity | solutes dissolved in solution which determine the direction and extent of diffusion |
| Water Potential | Water potential is the energy required, per quantity of water, to transport an infinitesimal quantity of water from the sample to a reference pool of pure free water. |
| Compartmentalization | Cell compartmentalization refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently |
| Eukaryotic | any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material) are located. |
| Intracellular | located or occurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymboitic Theory | The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. |
| Prokaryotic | a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria. |
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