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unit two
ap biology unit 2 vocabulary - garcia
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chloroplast | chloroplast is a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. |
| golgi complex | golgi complex is a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell. |
| lysosome | a lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are involved with various cell processes. |
| membrane-bound | membrane-bound organelles are cellular structures that are bound by biological membrane. The membrane may be a single layer or a double layer of lipids and typically with interspersed proteins. |
| mitochondrion | mitochondrion is singular |
| organelles | organelles are specialized cellular parts (such as a mitochondrion, chloroplast, or nucleus) that has a specific function and is considered analogous to an organ. |
| ribosome | ribosome decode the message and the formation of peptide bonds. These two activities reside in RNPs &, ribosomal subunits. Each subunit is made up of RNAs and many r-proteins |
| vacuole | a vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | ATP is an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, condensate dissolution, and chemical synthesis. |
| apoptosis | apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. |
| atp synthesis | ATP synthesis involves the transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix, the combination of the two components provides sufficient energy for ATP to be made by the multienzyme |
| carbon fixation | carbon fixation is the process by which inorganic carbon is converted to organic compounds by living organisms, the compounds are then used to store energy and as structure for other biomolecules. |
| chlorophyll | chlorophyll is a pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms, it's required for photosynthesis, which is the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy |
| krebs cycle | krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
| electron transport chain | electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from donors to acceptors and couples this transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane, it's built up of peptides, enzymes, and other molecules. |
| grana | grana is a stack of thylakoid discs. |
| intarcellular transport | intracellular transport is the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell, it is required for maintaining homeostasis within the cell |
| light-dependent reactions | light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes, where the light-independent reactions take place. |
| photosynthesis | photosynthesis is a process by which phototrophs convert light energy into chemical energy, which is later used to fuel cellular activities, the chemical energy is stored in the form of sugars, which are created from water and carbon dioxide. |
| photosystems | photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis |
| stroma | stroma refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast. |
| thylakoid | thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, they are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. |
| turgor pressure | turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall. |
| membrane exchange | membrane exchange 2.3 |
| plasma membrane | the cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment which protects the cell from its environment |
| surface to area ratio | surface area to the volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets larger |
| aqueous | aqueous solution is a type of solution wherein the solvent (dissolving medium) is water. |
| fluid mosaic model | fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes, there is a lipid bilayer in which protein molecules are embedded and gives fluidity and elasticity to the membrane |
| glycolipid | glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a covalent bond and maintain the stability of the cell membrane to facilitate cellular recognition, which helps the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues. |
| glycoprotein | glycoproteins are proteins which contain glycans covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. |
| steroid | Steroids are any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings |
| cell wall | a cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane, it provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism |
| channel protein | a channel protein is a special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions. |
| selective permeability | selective permeability of the cell membrane refers to its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others. |
| transport protein | transport proteins are proteins that serve the function of moving other materials within an organism |
| active transport | active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against the concentration gradient. |
| concentration gradient | concentration gradient is the difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas |
| endocytosis | endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle |
| exocytosis | exocytosis is the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid and occurs when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing its contents to be released outside the cell |
| passive transport | passive transport is when substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| vesicle | a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer and transport of materials within the plasma membrane. |
| ATP synthaze enzyme | ATP synthase is an enzyme that directly generates ATP during the process of cellular respiration |
| facilitated diffusion | facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins |
| ion | ions are particles that are electrically charged or has lost or gained one or more electrons. |
| polarization | polarization is the existence of opposite electrical charges on either side of a cell membrane |
| ATPase enzyme | ATPases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in ATP to form ADP, they harness the energy released from the breakdown of the phosphate bond and utilize it to perform other cellular reactions. |
| homeostasis | homeostasis is the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems |
| hypertonic | hypertonic solution contains a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution. |
| hypotonic | hypotonic solution contains a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution. |
| isotonic | isotonic environment, there is no net water movement, so there is no change in the size of the cell. |
| osmoregulation | osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content |
| osmosis | osmosis is the net movement of solvent molecules through a permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. |
| solute | a solute is a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution |
| solvent | solvents are molecules that have the ability to dissolve other solutes |
| tonicity | tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable cell membrane which determines the direction and extent of diffusion. |
| water potential | water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action |
| compartmentalization | compartmentalization refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| eukaryotic | eukaryotic cells are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope |
| intracellular | intracellular is situated or occurring inside a cell or cells. |
| endosymbiotic theory | endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes, mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission, they have their own DNA |
| prokaryotic | prokaryotes are simple, single-celled organism that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. |
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