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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | Found only in algal and plant cells, is a cell organelle that produces energy through photosynthesis. The word chloroplast comes from the Greek words khloros, meaning “green”, and plastes, meaning “formed”. It has a high concentration of chlorophyll, the |
| Endoplasmic | A system of interconnected vesicular and lamellar cytoplasmic membranes that functions especially in the transport of materials within the cell and that is studded with ribosomes in some places — see cell illustration. |
| Golgi Complex | A membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus. |
| Lysosome | A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. ... They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria. |
| Membrane-Bound | These organelles (e.g. mitochondria, lysosome, etc.) are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (membrane). This allows organelles within the cells to control what enters and leaves it by using a selectively permeable membrane |
| Mitochondrion | Membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate ( |
| Organelles | any of the specialized structures within a cell that perform a specific function (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum). Organelles in unicellular organisms are the equivalent of organs in multicellular organisms. |
| Ribosome | A sphere-shaped structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm and often attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes exist in both |
| Vacuole | a space within a cell that is empty of cytoplasm, lined with a membrane, and filled with fluid. ... The large central vacuoles often found in plant cells enable them to attain a large size without accumulating the bulk that would make metabolism difficult |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. |
| Apoptosis | A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death. This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The process of apoptosis may be blocked in cancer cells |
| ATP Synthesis | involves the transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix. ... The combination of the two components provides sufficient energy for ATP to be made by the multienzyme Complex V of the mitochondrion, mor |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | the cycle of chemical reactions performed by plants to “fix” carbon from CO2 into three-carbon sugars. ... This process of “carbon fixation” is how most new organic matter is created. |
| Chlorophyll | any member of the most important class of pigments involved in photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy through the synthesis of organic compounds. Chlorophyll is found in virtually all photosynthetic organisms, in |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | The citric acid cycle, shown in —also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle—is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats |
| Electron Transport Chain | A series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions. |
| Grana | a stack of thylakoid discs. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana. Grana are connected by stroma thylakoids, also called intergranal thylakoids or lamellae. Grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids can be distinguished by their different protein compos |
| Intracellular Transport | he movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. ... Through this pathway, it is possible to facilitate the movement of essential molecules such as membrane‐bounded vesicles and organelles, mRNA, and chromosomes. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles called chloropla |
| Photosynthesis | the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich |
| Photosystems | the functional units for photosynthesis, defined by a particular pigment organization and association patterns, whose work is the absorption and transfer of light energy, which implies transfer of electrons. Physically, photosystems are found in the thyla |
| Stroma | in botany, refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast. Within the stroma are grana (stacks of thylakoid), and the sub-organelles or daughter cells, where photosynthesis is commenced before the chemical changes are completed |
| Thylakoid | membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. ... Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks referred to as grana (singular: granum). |
| Turgor Pressure | exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall. Turgor is what makes living plant tissue rigid. Loss of turgor, resulting from the loss of water from plant cells, causes flowers and leaves to wilt. |
| Membrane Exchange | Gas exchange is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide (the respiratory gases) move in opposite directions across an organism's respiratory membranes, between the air or water of the external environment and the body fluids of the internal environ |
| Plasma Membrane | the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. ... The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects. ... By contrast, objects with tiny spikes will have very large surface area for a given volume. |
| Aqueous | a type of solution wherein the solvent (dissolving medium) is water. Water is considered as the universal solvent. It is because of its capability to dissolve a variety of solutes. |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | describes the cell membrane as a tapestry of several types of molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins) that are constantly moving. This movement helps the cell membrane maintain its role as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell |
| Glycolipid | lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to co |
| Glycoprotein | proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. |
| Steroid | any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings. Steroids are important in biology, chemistry, and medicine. |
| Cell Wall | a rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell. Cell walls are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, although not all cells have cell walls. |
| Channel Protein | a type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly. Water channel proteins (aquaporins) allow water to diffuse across the membrane at a very fast rate. Ion channel proteins allow ions to d |
| Selective Permeability | refers to its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others |
| Transport Protein | a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism. ... There are several different kinds of transport proteins. |
| Active Transport | the movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. The particles move against the concentration gradient , using energy released during respiration |
| Concentration Gradient | The difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas is called the concentration gradient . The bigger the difference, the steeper the concentration gradient and the faster the molecules of a substance will diffuse. |
| Endocytosis | the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle |
| Exocytosis | the release of cellular substances (such as secretory products) contained in cell vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the contents to the exterior of the cell. |
| Passive Transport | The simplest forms of transport across a membrane are passive. Passive transport does not require the cell to expend any energy and involves a substance diffusing down its concentration gradient across a membrane. |
| Vesicle | tiny sacs that transport material within or outside the cell. There are several types of vesicle, including transport vesicles, secretory vesicles, and lysosomes |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | an enzyme that directly generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the process of cellular respiration. ... ATP synthase forms ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) through oxidative phosphorylation, which is a process in |
| Facilitated Diffusion | the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. |
| Ion | 1 : an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons. 2 : a charged subatomic particle (such as a free electron) |
| Polarization | the existence of opposite electrical charges on either side of a cell membrane (difference in inside a cell versus the outside of the cell) Depolarization is the state which the cell membrane change from positive to negative charged outside the cell and f |
| ATPase Enzyme | a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). They harness the energy released from the breakdown of the phosphate bond and utilize it to perform other cellular rea |
| Homeostasis | any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival. |
| Hypertonic | the tonicity of a solution usually refers to its solute concentration relative to that of another solution on the opposite side of a cell membrane; a solution outside of a cell is called hypertonic if it has a greater concentration of solutes than the cyt |
| Hypotonic | a lower concentration of solutes than another solution. In biology, a solution outside of a cell is called hypotonic if it has a lower concentration of solutes relative to the cytosol. Due to osmotic pressure, water diffuses into the cell, and the cell of |
| Isotonic | the solutions on either side of a cell membrane are isotonic if the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. |
| Osmoregulation | The process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. There is a constant input of water and electrolytes int |
| Osmosis | 1 : movement of a solvent (such as water) through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane |
| Solute | a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution. A solute can come in many forms. It can be gas, liquid, or solid. The solvent, or substance that dissolves the solute, breaks the solute apart and distributes the solute molecules equall |
| Solvent | a molecule that has the ability to dissolve other molecules, known as solutes. A solvent can be solid, liquid or gas. Heat or another chemical process must be applied to the solution to separate the solvent and solute |
| Tonicity | a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable cell membrane. In other words, tonicity is the relative concentration of solutes dissolved in solution which determine the direction an |
| Water Potential | the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action (which is caused by surface tension). ... A common example is water with a dissolved salt, such as sea water or |
| Compartmentalization | refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material) are located. |
| Intracellular | located or occurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear |
| Prokaryotic | a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. |
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ChrisZam
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