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Unit 2 - Islas
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome-free regions. |
| Golgi Complex | A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell's cytoplasm. An organelle that prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
| Membrane-Bound | Organelles that are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer |
| Mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP . |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | Macromolecular machines, found within all living cells, that perform biological protein synthesis. Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA molecules to form polypeptide chains. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesis | A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism. |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes in certain prokaryotes |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic break down of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion un eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol in prokaryotic cells. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| Grana | A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. |
| Intracellular Transport | The movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | Use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds. |
| Photosystems | Functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis that together carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons. |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA. |
| Thylakoid | Membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis. |
| Membrane Exchange | A semi-permeable membrane that transports certain dissolved ions, while blocking other ions or neutral molecules. |
| Plasma Exchange | The removal, treatment, and return or exchange of blood plasma or components thereof from and to the blood circulation. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | The amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects. |
| Aqueous | Of, relating to, or resembling water. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | The currently accepted model of the cell membrane stucture, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. |
| Channel Protein | A special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions. |
| Selective Permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them. |
| Transport Protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy. |
| Concentration Gradient | A region along with the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. |
| Passive Transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy. |
| Vesicle | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | A mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure. |
| Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
| Polarization | The act or process of producing a positive electrical charge and a negative electrical charge such that between a nerve cell internal electrical charge, which is negative, and the surrounding environment of a nerve cell, which is positive. |
| ATPase Enzyme | A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). |
| Homeostasis | The steady-state physiological condition of the body. |
| Hypertonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water. |
| Hypotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. |
| Isotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell. |
| Osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentration and water balance by a cell or organism. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Solvent | Dissolving the agent of a solution. |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water. |
| Water Potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which the water will flow, governed by a solute concentration and applied pressure. |
| Compartmentalization | The way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. |
| Intracellular | Located or occurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | The theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. |
| Prokaryotic | A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. |
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giselleislas07
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