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Unit 2 Vocab
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocab- Argueta
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chloroplast | organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it for synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| endoplasmic reticulum | extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells |
| golgi complex | organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum, synthesises some products, mostly proteins and non cellulose carbs |
| lysosome | membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists |
| membrane bound | a cell that is enclosed by a membrane |
| mitochondrion | plural for mitochnondria, organelle found in cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell |
| organelles | membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
| ribosome | complex of rRNA and protein molecules, site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm, in eukaryotic cells, subunit by nucleolus |
| vacoule | membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells |
| adenosine triphosphate | adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed |
| apoptosis | a type of programmed cell death, by activation |
| ATP Synthesis | enzyme that makes ATP from ADP, works like ion pump on reverse |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle | process tnhat brings CO2 from the air and into organic molecules that are already in chloroplasts |
| chlorophyll | a photosynthetic pigment that participates in light reaction |
| Citric Acid Cycle | metabolic furnace that oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate |
| Electron Trasport Chain | chain that has a certain number of molecules that are built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the more covalently attached carbs |
| glycoprotein | protein with one or more covalently attached carbs |
| steroid | type of lipid, has four fused rings with various chemical groups attached |
| cell wall | protective layer on the outside of the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some, but not all, protists |
| channel protein | a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules use as a tunnel |
| selective permeability | a property if biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them |
| transport protein | transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane |
| active transport | movement of substance across a cell membrane agasint its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specifc transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy |
| concentration gradient | region where density of chemical substance eitherdecreases or increases |
| endocytosis | cellular uptake of biological molceules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasm |
| exocytosis | ccellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane |
| passive transport | diffusion of a substance across biological membrane with no expenditure of energy |
| facilitated diffusion | passage of molecules or ions down their elecetrochemical gradient across the biological membrane with the help of specific transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure |
| ion | an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
| polarization | producing a positive and electrical charge on a chmeical bond |
| ATPase Enzyme | found in mitochondria |
| homeostasis | the state physiological condition of the body |
| hypertonic | compared to solution inside cell(more) |
| hypotonic | when compared to solution outside (less) |
| isotonic | no net movement in or out of water |
| osmoregulation | regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell |
| osmosis | diffusion free water across selectively permeable membrane |
| solute | a substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| solvent | dissolving agent of a solution, water is the most versatile |
| tonicity | the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water |
| water potential | water predicting which direction water will flow |
| compartmentalization | dividing something into categories |
| Eukaryotic | type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles, organisms with eukaryotic cells |
| intracellular | occurring within a cell |
| endosymbiotic theory | theory of origin of eukaryotic cells coming from prokaryotic organisms |
| grana | stack of thylakoid discs, the tubes in chloroplasts |
| intracellular transport | movement of vesicles in a cell, also substances |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | photosyntheiss |
| Photosynthesis | conversion of light energy to chemical energy |
| Photosystems | light-capturing unit located in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast, two types |
| Stroma | dense fluid within chloroplasts, surrounds thylakoid membrane, has ribosomes and DNA |
| Thylakoid | flattened membranous sac found in cloroplasts |
| Turgor Pressure | pressure of contents in ca cell that pushes up against a cell wall, gives plant support |
| membrane exchange | process where cells are exchanged |
| plasma membrane | membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts a selective barrier regualting the cell's chmeical compostition |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | ratio between surface area of a cell to the volume of a cell, SA/V |
| Aqueous | containing water |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | Model of cell membrane structure mosaic of protein molecules, fluid bilayer of phospholipids |
| glycolipid | lipid with one or more covalently attached carbs |
| Glycoprotein | protein with one or more covalently bonded carbs |
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