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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary - Eleccion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
| Golgi Complex | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists |
| Membrane-Bound | Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, meaning that these organelles are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (membrane) |
| Mitochondrion | (plural, mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and small subunit |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate | An adenine-containing nucleotide triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell |
| ATP Synthesis | ATP synthesis involves transfer of electrons from intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix. The transfer of electrons from the matrix to the intermembrane space leads to a substantial pH difference b/w the 2 sides of the membran |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | The initial incorporation of carbon from Co2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote) |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | Chemical cycle with 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to CO2; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
| Grana | A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast |
| Intracellular Transport | Intracellular transport is the movement of vesicles and substances within the cell |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | Light dependent reactions use light energy to make 2 molecules needed for next stage of photosynthesis; the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds |
| Photosystems | Light-capturing unit found in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast or in membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by many lighht-harvesting complexes |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA |
| Thylakoid | A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis |
| Membrane Exchange | Examples: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration and/or osmosis |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | To calculate the S/V ratio, simply divide the surface area by the volume |
| Aqueous | An aqueous solution, is a type of solution wherein the solvent (dissolving medium) is water |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cell of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists |
| Channel Protein | A channel protein, a type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly |
| Selective Permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them |
| Transport Protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy |
| Concentration Gradient | A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases |
| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane |
| Passive Transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy |
| Vesicle | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | Complex of membrane proteins- functions in chemiosmosis, with adjacent electron transport chains, using energy of hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure |
| Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
| Polarization | Polarization pertains to the process of producing a positive electrical charge and a negative electrical charge such that between a nerve cell internal electrical charge, which is negative, and the surrounding environment of a nerve cell, which is positiv |
| ATPase Enzyme | ATPases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate to form adenosine diphosphate |
| Homeostasis | The steady-state physiological condition of the body |
| Hypertonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water |
| Hypotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water |
| Isotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell |
| Osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to lose or gain water |
| Water Potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure |
| Compartmentalization | Cell compartmentalization refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently |
| Eukaryotic | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed orgnaelles. |
| Intracellular | Located or occurring within a cell or cells |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | This endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in today's eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes |
| Prokaryotic | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
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Eleccion
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