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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chloroplast | photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules |
| endoplasmic reticulum | extensive network of membranous tubules and sacs; smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes and rough ER does |
| golgi complex | organelle involved in correct folding and chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins and packaging for protein trafficking |
| lysosome | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules |
| membrane-bound | organelles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer |
| mitochondrion | sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels |
| organelles | membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells |
| ribosome | complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins; cellular components that carry out protein synthesis; non membranous |
| vacuole | large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus; |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | compound used by cells to store and release energy |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| ATP synthesis | large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to make ATP |
| carbon fixation cycle/calvin-benson cycle | uses photosynthesis products (ATP and NADPH) to synthesize carbohydrate molecules |
| chlorophyll | a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| citric acid cycle/krebs cycle | main source of energy for cells and an important part in aerobic respiration - generate energy through oxidation of acetate (derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) into carbon dioxide |
| electron transport chain | series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions |
| grana | stacks of thylakoids |
| intracellular transport | transport within the cell |
| light-dependent reactions | part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-independent reactions |
| photosynthesis | process in which solar energy is converted into chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water |
| photosystems | light-collecting units of the chloroplast |
| stroma | fluid outside the thylakoids that has the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and many enzymes |
| thylakoid | flattened, interconnected sacs in chloroplasts |
| turgor pressure | The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall |
| plasma membrane | selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell |
| surface area to volume ratio | ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume; a high ratio is important in cell that exchange a lot of material with their surroundings |
| aqueous | watery |
| fluid mosaic model | visual representation of the cell membrane depicting protein molecules and the phospholipid bilayer as a mosaic |
| glycolipid | carbohydrate chains covalently bonded to lipids |
| glycoprotein | carbohydrate chains covalently bonded to proteins |
| steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. |
| cell wall | rigid structure |
| channel protein | type of transport protein that has a hydrophilic channel for certain molecules or atomic ions to use as a tunnel through the membrane |
| selective permeability | A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others. |
| transport protein | protein that moves substances or wastes through the plasma membrane |
| active transport | the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy |
| concentration gradient | the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases |
| exocytosis | process by which a cell secretes large macromolecules out of the cell |
| endocytosis | cell takes in molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane |
| passive transport | diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane |
| vesicle | fluid-filled compartments enclosed by a membrane-like structure |
| ATP synthase enzyme | enzyme complex that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of specific molecules through the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane |
| ion | A charged atom |
| polarization | separation of electric charge leading to positively charged region and negatively charged region |
| ATPase enzyme | hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi |
| homeostasis | process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
| hypertonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
| hypotonic | Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution |
| isotonic | when the concentration of two solutions is the same |
| osmoregulation | the control of solute concentrations and water balance |
| osmosis | diffusion of free water across a selective permeable membrane, whether artificial or cellular |
| solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| solvent | A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances |
| tonicity | the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
| water potential | the potential energy of a volume of water, expressed as a pressure |
| compartmentalization | Membrane-bound organelles allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions at the same time |
| eukaryotic | cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles |
| intracellular | within the cell |
| endosymbiotic theory | eukaryotic cell engulfed prokaryote without fully digesting it; gave way to mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| prokaryotic | cells that do not have a nucleus |
Created by:
andream18
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