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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protist that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome-free regions. |
| Golgi Complex | A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell's cytoplasm |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzyme found in sweat, tears, and saliva. |
| Membrane-Bound | Membrane-bound organelles are surrounded by a plasma membrane to keep their internal fluids separate from the cytoplasm of the rest of the cell. |
| Mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as a the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesis. |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. IN eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine-containing nucleotide triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is bought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesis | ATP synthase is an enzyme that directly generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the process of cellular respiration. ATP is the main energy molecule used in cells. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | The Calvin cycle is the cycle of chemical reactions performed by plants to “fix” carbon from CO2 into three-carbon sugars. These plant sugars can also become a source of energy for animals who eat the plants, and predators who eat those herbivores. |
| Chlorophyll | a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Its molecule contains a magnesium atom held in a porphyrin ring. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | also called the citric acid cycle, is the second major step in oxidative phosphorylation. After glycolysis breaks glucose into smaller 3-carbon molecules, the Krebs cycle transfers the energy from these molecules to electron carriers, which will be used i |
| Electron Transport Chain | The electron transport chain is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
| Grana | a stack of thylakoid discs. chloroplasts can have from 10-100 grana they are connected by stroma thylakoids also called intergranal thylakoids or lamellae. Grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids can be distinguished by their different protein composition. |
| Intracellular Transport | the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. Intracellular. Eukaryotic cells transport packets of components to particular intracellular locations by attaching them to molecular motors that haul. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier. In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles called chloroplasts. |
| Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. |
| Photosystems | the functional units for photosynthesis, defined by a particular pigment organization and association patterns, whose work is the absorption and transfer of light energy, which implies transfer of electrons. |
| Stroma | in botany, refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast. Within the stroma are grana, and the sub-organelles or daughter cells, where photosynthesis is commenced before the chemical changes are completed in the stroma. |
| Thylakoid | are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. |
| Turgor Pressure | the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall. It is also called hydrostatic pressure, and defined as the pressure measured by a fluid, measured at a certain point within itself when at equilibrium. |
| Membrane Exchange | the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide (the respiratory gases) move in opposite directions across an organism's respiratory membranes, between the air or water of the external environment and the body fluids of the internal environment. |
| Plasma Membrane | a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment which protects the cell from its environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | also called the surface-to-volume ratio and variously denoted sa/vol or SA:V, is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects. |
| Aqueous | a type of solution wherein the solvent (dissolving medium) is water. Water is considered as the universal solvent. It is because of its capability to dissolve a variety of solutes. |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | The fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer in which protein molecules are embedded. |
| Glycolipid | are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition. |
| Glycoprotein | are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. |
| Steroid | any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings. Steroids are important in biology, chemistry, and medicine. |
| Cell Wall | is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. |
| Channel Protein | a special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions. Like all transport proteins, each channel protein has a size and shape. |
| Selective Permeability | the cell membrane refers to its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others. |
| Transport Protein | a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism. Transport proteins are vital to the growth and life of all living things. There are several different kinds of transport proteins. |
| Active Transport | active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. |
| Concentration Gradient | the measure of the amount of a sub-component in a solution. For instance, the concentration of a solute in a solution pertains to the ratio of the mass or volume of the solute to the mass or volume of the solvent. |
| Endocytosis | a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material. |
| Exocytosis | the release of cellular substances (such as secretory products) contained in cell vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the contents to the exterior of the cell. |
| Passive Transport | a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. Instead of using cellular energy, like active transport, passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics. |
| Vesicle | a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion, uptake and transport of materials within the plasma membrane. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | an enzyme that directly generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the process of cellular respiration. ... ATP synthase forms ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) through oxidative phosphorylation. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. |
| Ion | an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more of its valence electrons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. In other words, there is an imbalance in the number of protons and electrons in a chemical species. |
| Polarization | the existence of opposite electrical charges on either side of a cell membrane. Depolarization is the state which the cell membrane change from positive to negative charged outside the cell and from negative to positive charge inside the cell. |
| ATPase Enzyme | a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate to form adenosine diphosphate. They harness the energy released from the breakdown of the phosphate bond and utilize it to perform other cellular reactions. |
| Homeostasis | the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance. |
| Hypertonic | A hypertonic solution contains a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution. The opposite solution with a lower concentration is known as the hypotonic solution. Scientists must describe cell contents compared to the environment. |
| Hypotonic | a solution outside of a cell is called hypotonic if it has a lower concentration of solutes relative to the cytosol. Due to osmotic pressure, water diffuses into the cell, and the cell often appears turgid, or bloated. |
| Isotonic | its effective osmole concentration is the same as that of another solution. the solutions on either side of a cell membrane are isotonic if the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. |
| Osmoregulation | the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains. |
| Osmosis | the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. |
| Solute | a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution. A solute can come in many forms. It can be gas, liquid, or solid. The solvent, or substance that dissolves the solute, breaks the solute apart. |
| Solvent | a molecule that has the ability to dissolve other molecules, known as solutes. A solvent can be solid, liquid or gas. Heat or another chemical process must be applied to the solution to separate the solvent and solute. |
| Tonicity | a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable cell membrane. In other words, tonicity is the relative concentration of solutes dissolved in solution. |
| Water Potential | quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action. A common example is water with a dissolved salt, such as sea water or the fluid in a living cell. |
| Compartmentalization | refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope. Eukaryotes belong to the domain Eukaryota or Eukarya; their name comes from the Greek εὖ and κάρυον. |
| Intracellular | Occurring or being (situated) inside a cell or cells. Supplement. For example, intracellular fluid pertains to the fluid inside the cell while intercellular fluid is the fluid between cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. |
| Prokaryotic | a type of cell that does not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Organisms within the domains Bacteria and Archaea are based on the prokaryotic cell, while all other forms of life are eukaryotic. |
Created by:
FernandoC
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