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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary - Garcia
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
| Golgi Complex | Prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell. The Golgi complex is a cell organelle. Also called Golgi apparatus and Golgi body. |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. |
| Membrane-Bound | Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, meaning that these organelles (e.g. mitochondria, lysosome, etc.) are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (membrane). |
| Mitochondrion | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration. (plural, mitochondria) |
| Organelles | One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-enclosed sac taking up most of the interior of a mature plant cell and containing a variety of substances important in plant reproduction, growth, and development. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesize | Involves the transfer of electrons from the intermembrane space, through the inner membrane, back to the matrix. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | The process by which inorganic carbon (particularly in the form of carbon dioxide) is converted to organic compounds by living organisms. |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| Grana | A stack of thylakoid discs. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana. |
| Intracellular Transport | The movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | Use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. |
| Photosystems | Light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consisting of a reaction center surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths. |
| Stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a cell wall after the influx of water and the swelling of a walled cell due to osmosis. |
| Membrane exchange | An ion-exchange membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that transports certain dissolved ions, while blocking other ions or neutral molecules. |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell’s chemical composition. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | Also called the surface-to-volume ratio and variously denoted sa/vol or SA:V, is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects. |
| Aqueous | Of or containing water, typically as a solvent or medium. |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Glycolipid | Lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. |
| Glycoprotein | A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate. |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. |
| Channel Protein | A special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions. |
| Selective Permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others. |
| Transport Protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy. |
| Concentration Gradient | An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. |
| Endocytosis | The cellular uptake of macromolecules and particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle. |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane. |
| Passive Transport | A type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. Relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes. |
| Vesicle | A sac made of membrane inside of cells. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | A mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients. |
| Ion | An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
| Polarization | Pertains to the act or process of producing a positive electrical charge and a negative electrical charge such that between a nerve cell internal electrical charge, which is negative, and the surrounding environment of a nerve cell, which is positive. |
| ATPase Enzyme | A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). |
| Homeostasis | The steady-state physiological condition of the body. |
| Hypertonic | In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration. |
| Hypotonic | Having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Isotonic | Having the same solute concentration as another solution. |
| Osmoregulation | The regulation of solute and water concentrations in body fluids by organisms living in hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic, and terrestrial environments. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. |
| Tonicity | A measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable cell membrane. |
| Water Potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. |
| Compartmentalization | Refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote. |
| Intracellular | Located or occurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | States that organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes which eventually lived symbiotically within larger cells, forming modern day eukaryotes. (Theory) |
| Prokaryotic | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. |
Created by:
Nataly Garcia
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