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Unit 2 Vocab
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plant cells and photosynthetic protist that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continues with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome-free regions. |
| Golgi Complex | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that , modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably nanocellulose carbohydrates. |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
| Membrane-Bound | Organelles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (membrane). |
| Mitochondrion | An organelle is eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
| Organelle | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNA molecule that functions as a site protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consist of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesis | ATP synthase is an enzyme that directly generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the process of cellular respiration. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle | The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism. |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic break down of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that releases energy used to make ATP. |
| Grana | A stacked membranous structure within the chloroplasts of plants and green algae that contains the chlorophyll and is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Intracellular Transport | The movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | The set of reactions of photosynthesis in which light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, powers ATP synthesis and results in the reduction of NADP + to NADPH. |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds. |
| Photosystems | One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes. |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. |
| Turgor Pressure | Force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall |
| Membrane Exchange | A membrane electrode assembly is an assembled stack of proton exchange membranes or alkali anion exchange membrane , catalyst and flat plate electrode used in fuel cells and electrolyzes. |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | The comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside. |
| Aqueous | A solution in which water is a solvent. |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotic, fungi, and same protist. |
| Channel Protein | A protein responsible for mediating the passive transport of molecules from one side of the lipid bilayer to the other. |
| Selective Permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them. |
| Transport Protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring and expenditure of energy. |
| Concentration Gradient | A region along which the density of a chemical substances increases or decreases. |
| Endocytosis | The taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. |
| Exocytosis | A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. |
| Passive Transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy. |
| Vesicle | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | An enzyme that directly generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the process of cellular respiration. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins requiring no energy expenditure. |
| Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
| Polarization | The act or process of producing a positive electrical charge and a negative electrical charge such that between a nerve cell internal electrical charge, which is negative, and the surrounding environment of a nerve cell, which is positive. |
| ATP ase Enzyme | Converts ADP and phosphate to ATP. |
| Homeostasis | An organism ’s process of maintaining a stable internal environment suitable for sustaining life. |
| Hypertonic | having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Isotonic | Denoting or relating to a solution having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, especially one in a cell or a body fluid. |
| Osmoregulation | The maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations |
| Solute | The minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent. |
| Solvent | Able to dissolve other substances. |
| Tonicity | The concentration of a solution as compared to another solution. |
| Water Potential | The potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water, when both temperature and pressure are kept the same. |
| Compartmentalization | Create the folds of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, and surround organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria. |
| Eukaryotic | An organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. |
| Intracellular | Located or occurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | All living things are made up of cells |
| Prokaryotic | A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. |
| Osmosis | A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. |
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