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IB HL Unit 4 Review
This is the Ecology Unit
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Species | a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. The species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial, e.g. Homo sapiens. |
| Define Population | community of animals, plants, or humans among whose members interbreeding occurs. |
| Define Community | a group of interdependent organisms of different species growing or living together in a specified habitat. |
| Define Ecosystem | a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. |
| Define Biome | a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra. |
| Define Biosphere | the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms. |
| Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Give examples of each. | Autotrophs are organisms that can make their own energy, for example, plants. Heterotrophs need to consume energy, such as humans. |
| Distinguish between saprotrophs and detritivores. Give examples of each. | Saprotrophs are organisms that feed on or derive nourishment from decaying organic matter. Detritivores are organisms that feed on dead organic material |
| Which direction do the arrows go in a food web? Towards the consumer or away from? | Toward the consumer |
| In a pyramid of energy what type of organisms are in the largest row at the bottom? | Producers |
| What types of organisms do you need to have in a mesocosm? | plants that like moist soil and humid air, such as miniature ferns, and others that enjoy the same conditions of heat, water and light. |
| What cannot be recycled and is lost going from one trophic level to the next? | Energy |
| How is peat formed? | Partially decomposed plant remains accumulate and become compacted, forming peat that changes the substrate chemical and physical properties leading to a succession of plant communities |
| What does a chi-square calculation test for? | The chi square calculation tests for how much the model corresponds to the data |
| How is oil and natural gas formed? | organic matter from dead plants and animals |
| Why is there a decrease in biomass along a food chain? Name 3 reasons. | Energy is lost through heat, decomposition, and excretion |
| How does natural selection change based on the climate? | Climate change eliminates species who can’t adapt |
| What can cause the shells of marine organisms to be thinner? | Ocean acidification |
| Distinguish between food webs and food chains. | Food chains show what food goes where and food webs show the energy movement |
| What organisms can produce methane and how? | Soil microorganisms both produce (methanogens) and consume (methanotrophs) CH4. Microbial production of methane results from the decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen. |
| How do heterotrophs take in carbon? | Eating the bodies of other organisms |
| What form of energy do heterotrophs use? | ATP |
| What form of energy do autotrophs use? | Radiation or light energy from photosynthesis |
| What are greenhouse gases? | a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation, e.g., carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons. |
| How do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming? | They cause holes in the o-zone layer which allows more radiation to get through the atmosphere |
| What is global warming? | a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. |
| Why is global warming occurring? | Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earths average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels. |
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