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Bio 163
Chapter 2 the Chemical level Part 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | is anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Elements | a substance that cannot be changed or broken down into simpler substances, whether by chemical processes, heating, or other ordinary physical means. |
| Atom | the smallest stable unit of matter |
| Protons | a subatomic particle that has a positive electrical charge (p+) |
| Neutron | a subatomic particle that is neutral, that is uncharged (n or n0) |
| Electrons | a subatomic particle that has a negative electrical charge (e-) |
| Atomic Number | the number of protons in an atom |
| Nucleus | the proton is located in the center of the atom and forms the nucleus |
| Electron Cloud | they system of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom |
| Isotopes | the atoms of an element can differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Such atoms of an element are called isotopes. |
| Mass Number | the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. |
| Atomic Weight | the average mass of an element’s atoms. Takes into account the mass of the subatomic particles and the relative proportions of any isotopes. |
| 1 Chemical Bonds | Atoms with unfilled outer electron shells can become stable by sharing, gaining, or losing electrons chemical reactions with other atoms. |
| 2 Chemical Bonds | They often form Chemical Bonds, which are forces that hold the participating atoms together once the reaction has ended. Chemical Bonding produces molecules and compounds. |
| Molecules | are chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together b shared electrons |
| Compound | is any chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements in a fixed proportion, regardless of the type of bond joining them. |
| Cation | A positively charged ion, i.e. One that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis. The opposite of Anions. |
| Anion | A negatively charged ion, i.e. One that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis. The opposite of cation. |
| 1 Ionic Bond | Ionic Bond involves a transfer of an electron, so one atom gains an electron while one atom loses an electron. |
| 2 Ionic Bond | One of the resulting ions carries a negative charge (anion), and the other ion carries a positive charge (cation). Because opposite charges attract, the atoms bond together to form a molecule. |
| 1Covalent Bond | - A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. |
| 2 Covalent Bond | These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive force between atoms, when they share Electrons is, known as covalent bonding |
| 3 Covalent Bond | For many molecules, the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell, corresponding to a stable electronic configuration. In organic chemistry, covalent bonds are much more common than ionic bonds. |
| Double Covalent Bond | is the type of chemical in which two electron pairs are shared between the two pair of atoms |
| 1 Polar Covalent Bond | elements create Polar Covalent - Hydrogen Bond |
| 2 Polar Covalent Bond | A Hydrogen Bond is the attraction between a slight positive charge on the hydrogen atom of one polar covalent bond and slight negative charge on an oxygen or nitrogen atom of another polar covalent bond |
| 3 Polar Covalent Bond | Water molecules are attracted to each other through Hydrogen Bonding. Hydrogen Bonds are too weak to create molecules, but they can alter the shapes of molecules or pull molecules closer together |
| Surface Tension | acts as a barrier that keeps small objects from entering the water. Example: The attraction between water molecules at a free surface slows evaporation and creates what is known as Surface Tension. |
| Chemical Reaction | when a bond that existed between atoms are broken or even new bonds are created between atoms |
| Reactants | the changes in atoms that are reacting substances |
| Products | the formation of different substances |
| Work | the change in a physical structure or the movement of an object |
| Energy | the ability to execute work |
| Kinetic Energy | energy that is transferred to another object and does work also known as energy of motion. |
| Potential Energy | Energy that is stored from an object's position or physical/chemical structure. Decomposition Reaction - the breakdown of a molecule into smaller bits |
| Hydrolysis | the breakdown of a molecule but water is added into the broken-down parts. |
| Metabolism | the chemical operations in the body |
| Catabolism | the breakdown of complex molecules within cells |
| Synthesis Reactions | the assembly of larger molecules from smaller parts |
| Dehydration Synthesis | the formation of a complex molecule by the removal of water. |
| Anabolism | the new compounds in the body, the buildup of compounds |
| Exchange Reaction | the reacting molecules are shuffled around |
| Equilibrium | the reactions are balanced out |
Created by:
ccarterreid1
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