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Bio 163 Forsyth Tech
chapter 3 Chemical, Cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | Cells are the basic unit of life in which they make all living things. |
| Cells Theory | All cells come from preexisting cells. 2)All living things are made up of one or more cells. 3) They are the basic structure of living things. |
| plasma Membrane | layer of lipids and proteins that encompass the individual organelles and the cells components |
| Cell Membrane | layer of proteins and lipids that manage what comes in and out of the cell. |
| Cytoplasm | gel-like structure in the cell that surrounds organelles and protects them, support to the cell. |
| Centrioles | organize microtubules which act as a support system for the cell(look like tubes) |
| Cytoskeleton | is a mix of components like microtubules and filaments that support the cell’s structural integrity. |
| nucleus | is the main organelle in which the nucleolus resides in. Has a lot of DNA and chromosomes. |
| Nucleolus | Inside the nucleus, has an abundance of RNA, has no chromosomes, and is smaller than the nucleus |
| Peroxisomes | metabolize chemicals amongst the cells and also aids in the removal of waste products |
| Organelles | mini organs of the cell that work together to keep the cell alive and functioning |
| Microvilli | help in absorbing nutrients mainly in the small intestine, they also grant more materials to come through because it increases the surface area. |
| Cilla | are mini hair-like structures that prevent mucus and dirt from blocking airways and let us breathe easy. They also grant locomotion for organisms like paramecium. |
| Flagella | longer hair-like structure, lets an organism move(euglena) and is a sensory organelle that senses chemicals and/or light. |
| Secretory Vesicle | certain cell secretions can be transported through these vesicles. Membrane bound and produced by the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Tubulin | hollow fibers that are built from the tubulin protein |
| Proteosomes | a small organelle that removes proteins within the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes | create proteins using info from DNA |
| Peroxisomes | vesicles that hold a different type of enzymes and are smaller than lysosomes |
| Lysosome | vesicles filled with a digestive type of enzyme |
| Golgi Apparatus | consists of three functions such as modifying and packaging secretions, renewing or modifying the plasma membrane, and packaging special enzymes in lysosomes |
| Mitochondria (Cristae and Matrix) | a organelle that provides energy for the cell. Cristae is the inner membrane containing folds and Matrix surrounds the folds contents. |
| Actin | a spherical protein that forms filaments |
| Myosin | a motor protein in the muscle contraction |
| 1 Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER and Rough ER | their functionality and locality within the subcellular environment) - a series of flattened sacs in the cytoplasm. |
| 2 Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER and Rough ER | Smooth E.R does not contain ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates. Rough E.R contains ribosomes, modifying and packaging new synthesized proteins |
| Phospholipid-Bilayer | two layers of lipid molecules, a continuous layer surrounding the cell Hydrophilic - water is favorable, attracted to water |
| Hydrophobic | repels from water |
| 1 Membrane Proteins (Receptor Proteins, Channel Proteins and Carrier Proteins) | Receptor proteins are sensitive to specific extracellular materials causing a change in the cell’s activity. |
| 2 Membrane (Channel Proteins) | Channel proteins form a central channel that permits solutes to bypass the lipid portion. |
| 3 Membrane Proteins ( Carrier Proteins) | Carrier Proteins bind and transport solutes across the plasma membrane |
| Permeability | ease with which substances can cross a membrane |
| Impermeable | nothing can cross through a membrane |
| Freely Permeable | any molecules can cross a membrane without difficulties |
| Selectively Permeable | plasma membrane is selectively permeable, permitting the free passage of some materials and restricting the passage of others |
| Passive Processes | move ions or molecules across a membrane without energy expenditure by the cell |
| Active Processes | requires cell to expend energy, generally from ATP |
| Diffusion- | movement of molecules from an area to High concentration to low concentration |
| Concentration Gradient | articles moving through a solution from an area of high number of particles to an area of lower number of particles |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Osmotic Pressure | indication of the force of water movement into a solution as a result of solute concentration |
| Isotonic | does not cause a net movement of water into or out of the cell- red blood cell retain their normal dimpled appearance |
| Hypotonic - hypo | water flow into the cell, causing it to swell up like a balloon. the cell may burst or lyse. |
| Hypertonic- hyper | red blood cell will lose water by osmosis, causes cell to shrivel and dehydrate |
| Hemolysis | burst or lyse of red blood cell |
| Carrier Mediated Transport (CMT) | The transport of a molecule from point A, usually on one side of a cell to point B, a transmembrane carrier. |
| Facilitated Transport (CMT) | type of passive transport. Also, materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins. |
| Receptor Site (CMT) | proteins typically found on the surface of cells, which are capable of recognizing and bonding to specific molecules |
| Active Transport (CMT) | movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. |
| Ion Pump ( CMT) | A vacuum pump that removes gas by ionizing the atoms or molecules and adsorbing them on a metal surface. A protein responsible for the active transport of ions across a membrane. |
| Exchange Pump (CMT) | used to relate the rate of (ATP) hydrolysis to the electrical properties of the cell membrane |
| Sodium Potassium Exchange Pump (CMT) | uses active transport to move molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. It moves sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell. This pump is powered by ATP |
| Vesicular Transport (CMT) | is a major cellular activity, responsible for molecular traffic between a variety of specific membrane-enclosed compartments. |
| Receptor Mediated endocytosis (CMT) | is a process through which bulk amounts of specific molecules can be imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. |
| Ligands (CMT) | an ion or molecule attached to a metal atom by coordinate bonding. |
| Pinocytosis (CMT) | the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane. |
| Phagocytosis (CMT) | process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. Phagocytes may be free-living one-celled |
| Pseudopodia (CMT) | is a temporary cytoplasmic extension of an amoeboid cell, used for locomotion and ingestion of food. The name means literally 'false foot' |
| Exocytosis (CMT) | a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. |
| Nuclear Envelope | consists of a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and separates its fluid. |
| Nuclear Pores | the location where chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol takes place. These pores are large enough to allow the movement of ions and small molecules, yet small enough to regulate the transport of proteins and RNA |
| Nucleoli - | organelles that synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assemble the small and large ribosomal subunits. These subunits pass through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm, where they will form functional ribosomes. |
| rRNA - Ribosomal RNA | molecules in cells that form part of the ribosome and is exported to the cytoplasm |
| Chromosomes | dense structures, tightly coiled DNA strands and histones that become visible in the nucleus when a cell prepares to undergo mitosis or meiosis; each normal human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes. |
| Genetic Code | The chemical language of the cell; an understanding genetic code has enabled researchers to determine how cells build proteins and how various structural and functional traits (i.e., hair color or blood type) occur |
| Gene | the functional unit of heredity; a portion of a DNA nucleotide chain that functions as a hereditary unit, and is found at a particular location on a specific chromosome, and codes for a specific protein |
| Free Radicals | ions or molecules that contain unpaired electrons |
| Aerobic Metabolism | aka cellular respiration; process of mitochondrial energy production. Aerobic metabolism in mitochondria produces about 95% of the energy a cell needs to stay alive. |
| Protein Synthesis | transcription and translation. |
| mRNA- messenger RNA | problem of separation of between the protein manufacturing site and the DNA’s protein blueprint is solved with a single strand of the mRNA. |
| Transcription- production of | RNA from a single strand of DNA. |
| Codon | sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases along the new mRNA strand that is complementary to the corresponding DNA triplet along the gene. |
| Translation (Initiation, Elongation and Termination) | assembly of proteins by ribosomes using information carried by RNA molecules. |
| tRNA- transfer RNA | delivers amino acids that will be used by the ribosome to assemble a protein. |
| Anticodon | - triplet of nitrogenous bases that are complementary to a specific codon on the mRNA and will bind to it. |
| Cell Division | cellular reproduction. Essential to survival because it replaces old and damaged cells. |
| Mitosis | (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase – PMAT)- nuclear division. Takes place during the division of somatic cells. |
| Meiosis | - sperm and oocytes (production of sex cells) |
| Interphase | the period of time between cell divisions when they perform normal functions. |
| Apoptosis | genetically controlled death of cells. Key process in homeostasis. |
| Metaphase Plate | narrow central zone that chromosomes move to. |
| Daughter Chromosomes | results from the separation of sister chromatids during cell division. |
| Chromatid | 2 copies of each chromosome as a result of DNA replication |
| Centromere | links a pair of sister chromatids. |
| Spindle Fibers | array of microtubules. between the centriole pairs. |
| Cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells. |
| Tumor | mass or swelling produced by abnormal cell growth and division. |
| Benign Tumor | cells remain in one place. (Non- cancerous) Non- life threatening. |
| Malignant Tumor | do not respond to normal controls. Spread into surrounding tissues. ( Cancerous) Life- threatening. |
| Invasion | spreading process of malignant tumors. |
| Metastasis | malignant cells travel to distant tissue or organs and produce secondary tumors. (Migration) |
Created by:
ccarterreid1
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