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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary-Lara
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | plastid that contains chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place |
| endoplasmic reticulum | transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and protein folding |
| golgi complex | organelle found in most eukaryotic cells in charge of proteins, lipids, into vesicles |
| lysosome | organelle in cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells containing enzymes enclosed in membrane |
| membrane-bound | organelles surrounded by phospholipid bilayer |
| mitochondrion | large organelle in which biochemical processes of respiration and energy occur, has double membrane |
| organelles | organized structures within living cell |
| ribosome | particle consisting of RNA and proteins in cytoplasm of living cells |
| vacuole | space within cell enclosed by membrane |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, bonded to 3 phosphate groups present in all living tissue |
| apoptosis | death of cells which is normal and part of organisms growth |
| ATP synthesis | enzyme that catalyzes the formation of energy storage |
| carbon fixation | process by which inorganic carbon is converted to organic compounds by living organisms |
| chlorophyll | pigment that gives plants their green color. It helps plants absorb energy and get their nutrients from the sunlight during a process known as photosynthesis. |
| citric acid cycle | a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
| electron transport chain | a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
| grana | stacks of structures called thylakoids, which are little disks of membrane on which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place. |
| intracellular transport | movement of vesicles and substances within a cell. |
| light-dependent reactions | use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis |
| photosynthesis | process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. |
| photosystems | biochemical mechanism in plants by which chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. |
| stroma | colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast |
| turgor pressure | force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall |
| membrane exchange | semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while acting as an electronic insulator and reactant barrier |
| plasma membrane | membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. |
| surface area to volume ratio | amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects. |
| aqueous | containing water, typically as a solvent or medium |
| fluid mosiac model | explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. |
| Glycolipid | lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond |
| Glycoprotein | any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain. |
| Steroid | biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. |
| Cell Wall | structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane |
| Channel protein | special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions |
| Selective Permeability | property of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell |
| Transport protein | protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism |
| Active transport | movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. |
| Concentration Gradient | gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution |
| Endocytosis | taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. |
| Exocytosis | a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell by secreting them through an energy-dependent process. |
| Passive Transport | a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. |
| Vesicle | a small fluid-filled bladder, sac, cyst, or vacuole within the body. |
| ATP synthase enzyme | mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate, driven by a flux of protons across a gradient generated by electron transfer from the proton chemically positive to the negative side. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. |
| Ion | an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. |
| Polarization | existence of opposite electrical charges on either side of a cell membrane |
| ATPase Enzyme | group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate |
| homeostasis | the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. |
| Hypertonic | a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable cell membrane |
| Hypotonic | having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Isotonic | solution is one that has the same osmolarity, or solute concentration, as another solution. |
| Osmoregulation | e active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content |
| Osmosis | process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. |
| Solute | a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution |
| Tonicity | a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable cell membrane |
| Water potential | a measure of the potential energy in water as well as the difference between the potential in a given water sample and pure water |
| Compartmentalization | the division of something into sections or categories. |
| Eukaryotic | organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope |
| Intracellular | located or occurring within a cell or cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms. |
| Prokaryotic | cellular organism that lacks an envelope-enclosed nucleus |
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Jamileth03
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