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Session 2 Microbio16
Microbio -16- GI #2 Infection Hartley
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gram + bacillus, SPORE FORMING, strict anaerobe produces seven different strains of exotoxin depending on strain of bacteria | Clostridium botulinum |
| how many different types of toxin are produced by each strain of Clostridium botulinum | one toxin per strain Toxins are A,B, C1, D, E, F and G |
| What are the possible sources of infection with Clostridium botulinum | ingesting contaminated foods w either bacteria or simply ingesting toxins produced by the bacteria |
| What is the progression of infection if you just eat toxins of Clostridium botulinum | Toxin Resists destruction in stomach is absorbed by intestines into bloodstream toxin affects motor neurons inducing paralysis and death |
| What is the progression of infection if you eat auctual bacteria Clostridium botulinum | Bacteria grow in intestines produce exotoxins bacteria eventually get cleared by normal flora of intestines and immune system |
| what are the s/sx of ingestion of toxins (botulism poisoning) | Progressive paralysis leading to death |
| What aret hte s/sx of intestinal botulism (ingestion of bac) | variable degrees of paralysis from lethargy to respiratory failure -most often in immunocompromised adults and infants -may also infect dirty wounds |
| What are exotoxins compoused of | A and B subunits B subunit- Bind receptors at nerve terminals A subunit- blocks neurotransmitter release |
| What can be given after botulism infection/poisoning that will stop progression of s/sx | anti-toxin can be given but must be delivered rapidly |
| What will clear Clostridium botulinum bacteria from intestines | immune system will eventually clear bacteria |
| What is the tx for intestinal botulism | Anti toxin suppoortive tx until bacteria is cleared -feeding tube -respirator -etc depending on level of paralysis from exotoxin produced |
| What is the tx for botulsim poisoning (ingestion of just the toxin) | give anti-toxin |
| -Gram positive bacillus -Spore forming, anaerobe -Produces a double zone of hemolysis on blood agar | Clostridium perfringens |
| What are the sources of infection w/ Clostridium perfringens | food poisoning- one of the most common causes of food poisoning |
| What is the progression of infection w/ Clostridium perfringens | ingestion of spores or bacteria growth in intestines and production of toxins symptoms appear bacteria are cleared |
| what are the s/sx of food poisoning w/ Clostridium perfringens | water diarrhea with abdominal cramps occuring 7-15 hours after eating -less frequently associated w/ nausea, vomiting, fever |
| If you get a severe infection w/ Clostridium perfringens what will the s/sx change from the typically water diarrhea | acute onset of severe abdominal pain and diarrhea usually blood between 5-6 hours after ingestion, often accompanied by vomiting |
| Do you need a vaccination for food poisoning | no it is self-limiting and usually clears within 48 hrs |
| What is the tx for food poisoning | symptomatic tx and hydration as needed |
| Gram positive bacillus Spore forming, facultative anaerobe b-hemolytic | Bacillus cereus |
| What is the emetic syndrome of Bacillus cereus infections | ingest toxin that resist digestion sympotms start |
| What is the progression of infection of diarrheal syndrome of Bacillus cereus | Ingest bacteria or spores bacteria grows in intestines and produces exotoxins symptoms begin then bacteria is cleared |
| What are the s/sx of emetic syndrome of Bacillus cereus | nausea, vomiting within 1-6 hours of eating, one third present w/ diarrhea -caused by eating preformed toxins |
| What are the s/sx of diarrheal syndrome of Bacillus cereus | abdominal cramps and diarrhea 8-16 hours after eating caused by production of toxins after bacterial growth |
| is there a vaccine available for Bacillus cereus | no, most cases are self limiting and short duration |
| What is the tx for Bacillus cereus | symptomatic only |
| Gram positive cocci Coagulase positive (important diagnostic) b-hemolytic | Staphylococcus aureus |
| What are the sources of infection of food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus | Ingesting preformed toxins S. Aureues can cause many other types of diseases apart from food poisoning |
| what is the progression of infection of food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus | 1 ingest enterotoxins 2 entertoxins casue -super antigen like effect (polycolonal stimulation of t cells to secrete cytokines -stimule upper GI neurons to induce vomiting reflex 3 symptoms rearely last more than 24 hours |
| what are the s/sx of food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus | abrupt onset of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps -infrequently associated with diarrhea |
| is there a vaccine for staph aureues | no, infection is self-limiting and short duration |
| what is the tx for food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus | symptomatic tx is the 2nd or 3rd leading cause of food poisoning |
| Gram negative bacillus Facultative anaerobe Most produce H2S, and do NOT ferment lactose Genetically diverse species (many serotypes and adaptations | Salmonella |
| what are the main sources of infection w/ salmonella | ingesting infected foods that were improperly maintained - mostly POULTRY, milk, EGGS, and egg products |
| what is the progression of infection from Salmonella | 1- ingest cont food 2- bacteria pass through intestinal mucous and epithelium to LAMINA PROPRIA 3- induce inflammatory response and symptoms begin 4- clearance of bacteria |
| What are the s/sx of salmonellosis | -abdominal cramps, fever, chills, vomiting, and diarrhea -symptoms start 1-2 days after meal and last 3-4 days |
| What complication can arise from salmonellosis mostly in elderly, immune compromised and neonates | Bacteria in invasive and can cause bacteremia |
| What type of immune response do you get to Salmonella | Both cellular and humoral immune responses to infection |
| what is the tx for salmonella | hydration antibiotic only for prophylaxis from bacteremia in at risk groups |
| What GI infections have short incubation time of 1-6 hours because they have preformed toxins | S. Aureus C. Botulinum (Botulism poisoning) B. Cereus (Emetic Syndrome) |
| What GI infections have long incubation time to GI symptoms 8-16 hours because bacterial growth precedes toxin release | -C. Perfringens B. Cereus (diarrheal syndrome) E. Coli V. Cholera C. Botulinum (intestinal botulism) |
| Giardia lamblia (intestinalis) Cryptosporidium (parvum) Cyclospora cayetanensis Entamoeba histolytica | Protozoan Pathogens |
| What is the common diagnostic method for Protozoan Pathogens | microscopy of fecal samples looking for cysts |
| Flagellated protozoan Trophozoite carries two (2) nuclei Cyst is after fission and has 4 nuclei | Giardia lamblia (intestinalis) |
| what is the source of infection w/ Giardia lamblia (intestinalis) | drinking contaminated water fecal to oral route (daycare centers) less common eating contaminated foods |
| What is the progression of infection w/ Giardia lamblia (intestinalis) | ingest cytst excyzoites release differentiates into trophozoites that being to replicate by binary fission |
| How many cysts are needed to initiate infection of Giardia lamblia (intestinalis) | as few as 10-100 cysts |
| How common is giardiasis | one of the most common parasitic diseases world-wide |
| what are the s/sx of giardiasis | asymptomatic to severe diarrhea malabsorption and weight loss |
| How can giardiasis be prevented | boiling or filtering water |
| what is the tx for giardiasis | quanicrine or metronidazole |
| Sporozoan Have alternative asexual and sexual life cycles depending on environment Like most sporozoans it is an obligate intracellular parasite | Cryptosporidium (parvum) |
| What is the most common source of infection w/ Cryptosporidium (parvum) | drinking contaminated water also eating contaminated food |
| what are the s/sx of Cryptosporidium (parvum) | fever loss of appetite nausea vomiting headache |
| How long do s/sx of Cryptosporidium (parvum) generally last | 10-14 days cyst can be shed for 2 weeks after symptoms clear |
| What groups are most likely to be infected by Cryptosporidium (parvum) | young children immune compromised |
| What is the tx for Cryptosporidium (parvum) | no effective tx just prevention |
| how can you detect Cryptosporidium (parvum) | modified acid=fast stain with concentration method allows bright red ooctyes to be detected |
| Sporozoan Have alternative asexual and sexual life cycles depending on environment Excreted oocysts are non-infectious and must mature in the environment Therefore person-to-person spread is NOT possible | Cyclospora cayetanensis |
| what is the source of infection of Cyclospora cayetanensis | eating contaminated foods |
| what are the s/sx of cyclosporiasis | Fatigue loss of apetite myalgias vomiting water diarrhea flatus weight loss |
| typicall how long do s/sx of cyclosporiasis last | s/sx last 1-2 weeks but my occur as cyclical relapsing up to 7 weeks later |
| Are exreted oocytes infectious | no they are immature and non-infectious |
| what is the tx for Cyclospora cayetanensis | trimethoprim-sulfameithoxazole prevenition is key sanitation in food and water |
| how can you dx Cyclospora cayetanensis | shows fluorescence under UV light |
| Ameoba Still has trophozoite and cyst stages/forms Feed on bacteria and tissue cells Including erythrocytes Two species | Entamoeba histolytica E. histolytica – More pathogenic E. dispar – Will not secrete toxins or spread outside the GI tract |
| what is the progression of infection with Entamoeba histolytica | 1- ingest cyst from contaminated food or water 2- excysting in intestine to become trophozite 3- encysts 4- can leave intestine and get to liver and for hepatic abscesses |
| what are the s/sx of intestinal disease of Entamoeba histolytica | can by asymptomatic abdominal pain ( can be severe) frequent bowel movements, tenesmus Can develop Amebic Dysentary: -bloody bowel movements up to 20/day |
| What can develop if Entamoeba histolytica has extraintestinal sites of invasion | you can get amoebic liver abscess or abscess in brain, lung, GI tract |
| What are the s/sx of amoebic liver abscess from extraintestinal invasion of Entamoeba histolytica | fever RUQ pain w/ tender hepatomegaly LFTS are normal Jaundice is unusual abscess will be visualized in CT/MRI upper right lobe is common site |
| What is the tx for intestinal infection of Entamoeba histolytica | diloxanide furoate |
| What is the tx of extraintestinal infection w/ Entamoeba histolytica | metronidazole and tinidazole |
| What sets protozoan infections arpart from the other GI infections | typically protozoan infection last longer than bacterial infections |
Created by:
smaxsmith
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