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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary- Silim
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | Converts solar energy to chemical energy, seen in plants. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Two types: Rough ER and Smooth ER, ER synthesizes protein and lipids, also detoxifies the cell |
| Golgi Complex | It helps transfer and manage proteins & lipids into vesicles to places |
| Lysosome | Makes digestive enzymes, help recycle material for the cell |
| Membrane-Bound | Organelle that is covered by phospholid bilayer |
| Mitochondrion | Helps produce ATP, used to be prokaryotic cell, converts oxygen and nutrients into ATP |
| Organelles | Mitochondria, Chloroplast, ER, Golgi Complex (organs of a cell) |
| Ribosome | Where protein is synthesized, attached to Rough ER and membrane bound |
| Vacuole | Organelle that helps transfer and store materials, in plants it helps store water |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | Source of energy, helps with cellular reactions |
| Apoptosis | Controlled cell death, destroys cancerous cells and infected cells |
| ATP Synthesis | ATP is generated in the Mitochondrion |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/Calvin-Benson Cycle | Light dependent reactions, photosynthesis |
| Chlorophyll | Gives plants that green color, helps absorb energy from the sun and get nutrients |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | Reaction where all organisms that breathe air use to release stored energy |
| Electron Transport Chain | Transport of electons with protein complexes, lots of reactions |
| Grana | Stack of thylakoids |
| Intracellular Transport | Movement of vesicles/materials, (nucleus to er to golgi complex, etc.) |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | Takes place in chloroplasts thylakoid membrane |
| Photosynthesis | Reaction where light energy turns into chemical energy |
| Photosystems | Help with photosynthesis reaction, absorption and transfer of light energy |
| Stroma | Fluid inside the cell that surrounds the stroma |
| Thylakoid | Where light reactions of photosynthesis takes place |
| Turgor Pressure | Pressure of water pushing cell's contents against the cell wall |
| Membrane Exchange | Membrane exchanging materials like proteins |
| Plasma Membrane | Separates the interior of the cell against the outside environment |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | Determines how efficient material can move across the cell, reason why cells are small |
| Aqueous | Water/Liquid |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | Model of each part of a phospholid bilayer, shows whats a membrane |
| Glycolipid | Lipid with carbohydrates attached, help with cell-cell recognition |
| Glycoprotein | Protein with carbohydrate attached, help with binding to other molecules and cell to cell recognition |
| Steroid | Act as signalling molecules wit cell-cell communication, help decrease membrane fluidity |
| Cell Wall | Only in plants, help keep cells from bursting and plant upright |
| Channel Protein | Provides hydrophilic passage for water and other nutrients |
| Selective Permeability | Property of membranes that chooses what can go in and outside the cell |
| Transport Protein | Helps move polar molecules and nutrients through the plasma membrane |
| Active Transport | From higher concentration to lower concentration, energy like ATP needed |
| Concentration Gradient | concentration of solutes in a solution, unequal sides of ions in fluid |
| Endocytosis | Bringing in materials outside the cell by surrounding it with membrane vesicle |
| Exocytosis | Vesicle of membrane that holds molecules, released outside the cell |
| Passive Transport | Transport done without any energy used, nonpolar molecules moving |
| Vesicle | Helps transport materials around the cell's organelles |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | Creates ATP by using ADP and phosphate |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Done through transport proteins, spontaneous passive transport |
| Ion | Molecule or ion that has a charge due to the loss/gain of electrons |
| Polarization | The electronegativity of a molecule |
| ATPase Enzyme | ATP is produced by the enzyme ATP synthase, by converting ADP and phosphate to ATP |
| Homeostasis | Healthy state of balance, cycle is functioning correctly |
| Hypertonic | Cell loses water and goes to plasmolysis, membrane is contracting |
| Hypotonic | Water goes into the cell, pressure inside the cell leaving it turgid, usually in plants cells |
| Isotonic | Nothing is pushing against each other, the cell is flaccid |
| Osmoregulation | Control of solute concentration and water balance |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across the membrane. Moves from lower to higher, until everything is equal |
| Solute | Substance dissolved by the Solvent |
| Solvent | Substance that dissolves the solute |
| Tonicity | State of the solution(Hypertonic, Hypotonic, etc.) |
| Water Potential | How effective water molecules can enter and leave a solution by homeostasis, 0 is most pure |
| Compartmentalization | How all organelles work in separate areas of the cell, transferring materials to the next |
| Eukaryotic | Cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| Intracellular | Occuring/Happening inside the cell |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | How Eukaryotic cells evolved, our ancestor cells ate ancestor mitochondria and it became part of the cell |
| Prokaryotic | Cell that doesn't have a nucelus and has no membrane bound organelles |
Created by:
melonhokage
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