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Unit 2
AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary- Salviejo-Camacho
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis or organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions. |
| Golgi Complex | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non-cellulose carbohydrates. |
| Lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and protists. |
| Membrane-Bound | Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (membrane). This allows organelles within the cells to control what enters and leaves it by using a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Mitochondrion | (plural, mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
| Organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| Ribosome | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. |
| Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| Apoptosis | A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation for enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell. |
| ATP Synthesis | ATP synthesis involves transfer of electrons from intermembrane space, back to the matrix. The transfer of electrons from the matrix to the intermembrane space leads to a substantial pH difference between the two sides of the membrane. |
| Carbon Fixation Cycle/ Calvin-Benson Cycle | The initial corporation of carbon from Co2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote). |
| Chlorophyll | A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes. Chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. |
| Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle | Chemical cycle with 8 steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to Co2; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
| Grana | A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photsynthesis. |
| Intracellular Transport | Intracellular transport is the movement of vesicles and substances within the cell. |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | They use light energy to make 2 molecules needed for next stage of photosynthesis; the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier. In plants, it takes place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles called chloroplasts. |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. |
| Photosystems | Light-capturing unit found in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast or in membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by many light-harvesting complexes. |
| Stroma | The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide water. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. They often exist inside stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| Turgor Pressure | The force directed against a plant cell wall after the influx of water and swelling of the cell due to osmosis. |
| Membrane Exchange | Membrane exchange includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | To calculate the S/V ratio, simply divide the surface area by the volume. |
| Aqueous | An aqueous solution, is a type of solution wherein the solvent (dissolving medium) is water. |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cell of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides like cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of cell walls. |
| Channel Protein | A channel protein, a type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly. Water channel proteins (aquaporins) allow water to diffuse across the membrane at a very fast route. |
| Selective Permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them. |
| Transport Protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. |
| Active Transport | The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated y specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy. |
| Concentration Gradient | A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
| Endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. |
| Passive Transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy. |
| Vesicle | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. |
| ATP Synthase Enzyme | Complex of membrane proteins-functions in chemiosmosis, with adjacent electron transport chains, using energy of hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. -found in inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in plasma membranes of prokar |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down they electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure. |
| Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
| Polarization | Polarization is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations. |
| ATPase Enzyme | ATPases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP). |
| Homeostasis | The steady-state of physiological condition of the body. |
| Hypertonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water. |
| Hypotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. |
| Isotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell. |
| Osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. |
| Tonicity | Tonicity is the relative concentration of solutes dissolved in solution which determine the direction and extent of diffusion |
| Water Potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. |
| Compartmentalization | Cell compartmentalization refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently. |
| Eukaryotic | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. |
| Intracellular | Occurring or being (situated) inside a cell or cells. For example, intracellular fluid pertains to the fluid inside the cell while intercellular fluid is the fluid between cells. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. |
| Prokaryotic | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria archaea) are called prokaryotes. |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
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